• The Characteristics of Soil Lead Contamination in Military Rifle Shooting Ranges

  • Il-Ha Koh1*, Chang Koo Park1, Kwang Young You2, Seung Cheon Noh2, and Won Hyun Ji3

  • 1National Environment Lab. (NeLab), Seoul 02841, Korea
    2Environmental Division, Engineer Office, Republic of Korea Army Headquarters, Gyeryong 32800, Korea
    3Department of Energy & Climate Environment Fusion Technology, Graduate School, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea

  • 군 소화기 사격장 부지의 납 토양오염 분포 특성

  • 고일하1*ㆍ박창구1ㆍ유광영2ㆍ노승천2ㆍ지원현3

  • 1환경기술정책연구원 (NeLab)
    2육군본부 공병실 환경과
    3호서대학교 일반대학원 에너지환경융합기술학과

  • This article is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

References
  • 1. Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Moon, D.H., Yang, J.E., and Ok, Y.S., 2012, A Review of Environmental Contamination and Remediation Strategies for Heavy Metals at Shooting Range Soils, In: Malik, A. and Grohmann E.(ed), Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development, Springer, Dordrecht, Hidelberg, New York, London, 437-451 p.
  •  
  • 2. Alasmary, Z., 2025, Lead (Pb) contamination in soil and plants at military shooting ranges and its mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review, Processes, 13(2), 345.
  •  
  • 3. Cao, X., Dermatas, D., Xu, X., and Shen, G., 2008, Immobilization of lead in shooting range soils by means of cement, quicklime, and phosphate amendments, Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 15(2), 120-127.
  •  
  • 4. Collin, M.S., Venkatranman, S.K., Vijayakumar, N., Kanimozhi, V., Arbaaz, S.M., Stacey, R.G.S., Anusha, J., Choudhary, R., Lvov, V., Tovar, G.I., Senatov, F., Koppala, S., and Swamiappan, S., 2022, Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects on human: A review, J. Harzard. Mater. Adv., 7, 1-8.
  •  
  • 5. Emon, F.J., Rohani, M.F., Sumaiya, N., Jannat, M.F,T., Akter, Y., Shahjahan, M., Kari, Z.A., Tahiuddin, A.B., and Goh, K.W., 2023, Bioaccumulation and bioremediation of heavy metals in fishes- A review, Toxics, 11(6), 510.
  •  
  • 6. EPA Victoria (Environment Protection Authority Victoria), 2019, Guide for managing contamination at shooting ranges, 9 p.
  •  
  • 7. Etim, E.U., 2016, Distribution of soil-bound lead arising from rainfall-runoff events at impact berm of a military shooting range, J. Environ. Prot., 7(5), 623-634.
  •  
  • 8. Hong, S.T. and Hyun, J.H., 2014, The comparison of the relationship between the gunfire shot and its resulting heavy metal pollution rate, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 19(6), 1-5.
  •  
  • 9. Kim, H.S. and Choi, S.I., 2008, Effects of HCl and EDTA on soil washing to remediate lead-contaminated soil in a firing range, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 13(1), 60-66.
  •  
  • 10. Koh, I.H., Kwon, Y.S., Jeong, M.H., and Ji, W.H., 2021, Soil loss reduction and stabilization of arsenic contaminated soil in slope farmland using CMDS (coal mine drainage sludge) under rainfall simulation, J. Soil Groundwater Environ., 26(6), 18-26.
  •  
  • 11. Koh, I.H., Yu, C., Park, M.J., and Ji, W.H., 2019, Reduction of soil loss from sloped agriculrural field by using hydrated lime, J. Soil Groundwater Environ., 24(2), 1-7.
  •  
  • 12. Laidlaw, M.A.S., Filippelli, G., Mielke, H., Gulson, B., and Ball, A.S., 2017, Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review, Environ Health, 16(34), 1-15.
  •  
  • 13. Lee, K.L. and Hyun, J.H., 2016, Modality of heavy metal contamination of soil in military rifle shooting range, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 21(3), 58-63.
  •  
  • 14. Lee, S.W., Lee, W.C., Lee, S.H., and Kim, S.O., 2021, Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil within a military shooting range through physicochemical treatment, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 26(5), 9-19.
  •  
  • 15. Li, X., Coles, B.J., Ramsey, M.H., and Thornton, I., 1995, Sequential extraction of soils for multielement analysis by ICP-AES, Chem. Geol., 124(1-2), 109-123.
  •  
  • 16. Moon, D.H., Cheong, K.H., Kim, T.S., Khim, J.H., Choi, S.B., Ok, Y.S., and Moon, O.R., 2010, Stabilization of Pb contaminated army firing range soil using calcined waste oyster shells, J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 32(2), 185-192.
  •  
  • 17. NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), 2022, Korea standard methods for soil analysis.
  •  
  • 18. Rhee, P.M., Moore, E.E., Joseph, B., Tang, A., Pandit, V., and Vercruysse, G., 2016, Gunshot wounds: a review of ballistics, bullets, weapons, and myths, J. Trauma Acute Care Surg, 80(6), 853-867.
  •  
  • 19. Sanderson, P., Naidu, R., Asce, M., Bolan, N., and Bowman, M., 2011, Critical review on chemical stabilization of metal contaminants in shooting range soils, J. Hazard Toxic Radio, 16(3), 258-272.
  •  
  • 20. Shin, E.S., Nam, H., Park, Y.K., Park, H.G., Yoo, J.B., and Shin, H.M., 2025, Soil pollution management for sustainable operation of shooting range, Proceedings of the 2025 spring conference abstract of Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment, Pusan, Korea, p. 65.
  •  
  • 21. US EPA, 1994, Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure, EPA Method 1312.
  •  
  • 22. US EPA, 2024, Updated Residential Soil Lead Guidance for CERCLA Sites and RCRA Corrective Action Facilities.
  •  
  • 23. Yong, S.K., Zin, S.N.M., and Ariff, M.J.M., 2016, Effects of rain pH, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and total lead content in shooting range soil on the concentration of lead in leachate, Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 20(5), 1066-1072.
  •  
  • 24. Yun, S.W., Kang, H.C., Kwon, Y.S., Koh, I.H., Jeong, M.H., and Yu, C., 2022, A pilot experiments for evaluation of cover soil loss from inclined upland around remediated abandoned mine site, Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers, 64(2), 37-45.
  •  

This Article

  • 2025; 30(5): 1-8

    Published on Oct 31, 2025

  • 10.7857/JSGE.2025.30.5.001
  • Received on Sep 3, 2025
  • Revised on Sep 9, 2025
  • Accepted on Sep 22, 2025

Correspondence to

  • Il-Ha Koh

  • National Environment Lab. (NeLab), Seoul 02841, Korea

  • E-mail: ilha@nelab.re.kr