• Assessment of Risk Based Pollution Level of Pb and Cd in Metal Contaminated Soils Using Biotic Ligand Model
  • An, Jin-Sung;Jeong, Seul-Ki;Moon, Hee-Sun;Nam, Kyoung-Phile;
  • Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University;Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University;School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University;Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University;
  • Biotic ligand model에 근거한 중금속 오염지역의 Pb 및 Cd 위해오염도 평가기법 개발
  • 안진성;정슬기;문희선;남경필;
  • 서울대학교 공과대학 건설환경공학부;서울대학교 공과대학 건설환경공학부;서울대학교 자연과학대학 지구환경과학부;서울대학교 공과대학 건설환경공학부;
Abstract
Risk based pollution level of Pb and Cd in metal contaminated soils depending on physicochemical properties of soil in a target site was assessed using biotic ligand model. Heavy metal activity in soil solution defined as exposure activity (EA) was assumed to be toxic to Vibrio fischeri and soil organisms. Predicted effective activity (PEA) determined by biotic ligand model was compared to EA value to calculate risk quotient. Field contaminated soils (n = 10) were collected from a formes area and their risk based pollution levels were assessed in the present study using the calculated risk quotient. Concentrations of Pb determined by aqua regia were 295, 258, and 268 mg/kg in B, H and J points and concentrations of Cd were 4.73 and 6.36 mg/kg in G and I points, respectively. These points exceeded the current soil conservation standards. However, risk based pollution levels of the ten points were not able to be calculated because concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil solution were smaller than detection limits or one (i.e., non toxic). It was because heavy metal activity in soil solution was dominant toxicological form to organisms, not a total heavy metal concentration in soil. In addition, heavy metal toxicity was decreased by competition effect of major cations and formation of complex with dissolved organic carbon in soil solution. Therefore, it is essential to consider site-specific factors affecting bioavailability and toxicity for estimating reliable risk of Pb and Cd.

Keywords: Biotic ligand model;Heavy metal;Risk based pollution level;Bioavailability;Soil solution;

References
  • 1. Alloway, B.J., 1990, Heavy metals in soil, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 100-124.
  •  
  • 2. An, J., Jeong, S., Moon, H.S., and Nam, K., 2010, Development of terrestrial biotic ligand models to predict the toxicity of Cd and Pb in soil, SETAC North America 31th annual meeting, Portland, OR, USA, 2010.11.7-11.
  •  
  • 3. Di toro, D.M., Allen, H.E., Bergman, H.L., Meyer, J.S., Paquin, P.R., and Santore, R.C., 2001, Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2383-2396.
  •  
  • 4. Gustafsson, J.P., 1999, WinhumicV, http://www.lwr.kth.se/english/OurSoftWare/WinhumicV/ (accessed Sep. 2010).
  •  
  • 5. Haanstra, L. and Doelman, P., 1984, Glutamic acid decomposition as a sensitive measure of heavy metal pollution in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 16, 595-600.
  •  
  • 6. Hattori, H., 1992, Influence of heavy-metals on soil microbial activities, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 38, 93-100.
  •  
  • 7. Heemsbergen, D.A., Warne, M., Broos, K., Bell, M., Nash, D., McLaughlin, M., Whatmuff, M., Barry, G.., Pritchard, D., and Penney, N., 2009, Application of phytotoxicity data to a new Australian soil quality guideline framework for biosolids, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 2546-2556.
  •  
  • 8. Jansch, S., Rombke, J., Schallnab H., and Terytze, K., 2007, Derivation of soil values for the path soil-soil organisms for metals and selected organic compounds using species sensitivity distributions, Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 14, 308-318.
  •  
  • 9. Khan, K.S., Xie, Z.M., and Huang, C.Y., 1997, Effect of anions on toxicity of cadmium applied to microbial biomass in red soil, Environ. Pollut., 33, 63-74.
  •  
  • 10. Kim, Y., Yang, Y., and Lee, Y., 2002, Pb and Cd uptake in rice roots, Physiol. Plant, 116, 368-372.
  •  
  • 11. Lanno, R., Wells, J., Conder, J., Bradham, K., and Basta, N., 2004, The bioavailability of chemicals in soil for earthworms, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 57, 39-47.
  •  
  • 12. Lock, K., De Schamphelaere, K.A.C., Because, S., Criel, P., Van Eeckhout, H., and Janssen, C.R., 2007, Development and validation of a terrestrial biotic ligand model predicting the effect of cobalt on root growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare), Environ. Pollut., 147, 626-633.
  •  
  • 13. Lock, K. and Janssen, C.R., 2003, Influence of aging on metal availability in soils, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 178, 1-21.
  •  
  • 14. McBride, M.B., 2001, Cupric Ion Activity in Peat Soil as a Toxicity Indicator for Maize, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 78-84.
  •  
  • 15. Microbics Corporation, 1992, Microtox Manual, A Toxicity Testing Hand book, Carlsbad, CA, USA.
  •  
  • 16. Naidu, R., Kookana, R.S., Sumner, M.E., Harter, R.D., and Tiller, K.G., 1997, Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils: a review, J. Environ. Qual., 26, 602-617.
  •  
  • 17. Posthuma, L., Traas, T.P., and Sutter II, G.W., 2002, General introduction to species sensitivity distributions, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology, Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 3-11.
  •  
  • 18. Sparks, D.L., 1995, Environmental soil chemistry, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
  •  
  • 19. US EPA, 2003, Updated aquatic life copper criteria, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC., USA, EPA-822-R-03-026.
  •  
  • 20. US EPA, 2010, ECOTOX database, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Available from: (accessed December 2010).
  •  
  • 21. Van Straalen, N.M. and Denneman, C.A.J., 1989, Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 18, 241-251.
  •  
  • 22. Vig, K., Megharaj, M., Sethunathan, N., and Naidu, R., 2003, Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review, Adv. Environ. Res., 8, 121-135.
  •  
  • 23. Watts, R.J., 1998, Hazardous wastes: sources, pathways, receptors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 282-283.
  •  

This Article