• Nitrogen Budget of South Korea Including Gaseous Nitrogen Oxides from 2012 to 2014
  • Lee, Hanuk;Oa, Seyeon;Park, Jae-Woo;
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University;Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University;
  • 기체상 질소산화물을 포함한 2012~2014년도 대한민국 질소수지 연구
  • 이한욱;어세연;박재우;
  • 한양대학교 건설환경공학과;한양대학교 건설환경공학과;한양대학교 건설환경공학과;
Abstract
This study estimated the nitrogen budget, including gaseous nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), of South Korea in 2012~2014. The nitrogen budget was classified into three categories: agricultural and livestock, forest, and city. To estimate the nitrogen budget, several input and output parameters were investigated, including deposition, fixation, irrigation, chemical fertilizer use, compost, fuel, denitrification, volatilization, runoff, crop uptake, leaching, and $NO_x$ emissions. The annual nitrogen inputs from 2012 to 2014 were 6,202,828, 6,137,708, and 6,022,379 ton/yr, respectively. The corresponding annual nitrogen outputs were 1,393,763, 1,380,406, and 1,360,819 ton/yr, respectively, signifying a slight decrease from 2012 to 2014. $NO_x$ was the parameter contributing to the nitrogen budget to the greatest extent. The annual ratios of $NO_x$ emissions by vehicles, power plants, and businesses were 0.31, 0.31, and 0.30 in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. A change in government policy that prohibited the disposal of livestock manure and sewage sludge in the ocean from 2012 affected nitrogen budget profile. As a result, the ocean disposal ratio completely diminished, which differs from previous studies.

Keywords: Nitrogen;Nitrogen budget;Nitrogen oxides;South Korea;

References
  • 1. Aneja, V.P., Schlesinger, W.H., Erisman, J.W., Behera, S.N. Sharma, M., and Battye W., 2012, Reactive nitrogen emissions from crop and livestock farming in India, Atmos. Environ., 47, 92-103.
  •  
  • 2. Bashkin, V.N., Park, S.U., Choi, M.S., and Lee, C.B., 2002, Nitrogen budgets for the Republic of Korea and the Yellow Sea region, Biogeochem., 57(58), 387-403.
  •  
  • 3. Brentrup, F., Kusters, J., Lammel, J., and Kuhlmann, H., 2000, Methods to estimate on-field nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector, Int. J. Life Cycle Assoc., 5(6), 349-357.
  •  
  • 4. Canfield, D.E., Glazer, A.N., and Falkowski, P.G., 2010, The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle, Science, 330(6001), 192-196.
  •  
  • 5. Cao, B., He, F.Y., Xu, Q.M., Yin, B., and Cal, G.X., 2006, Denitrification losses and $N_2O$ emissions from nitrogen fertilizer applied to a vegetable field, Pedosphere, 16(3), 390-397.
  •  
  • 6. Choi, E. and Kim, T., 2004, Estimated Nitrogen Discharge by a mass balance approach, J. Environ. Policy, 3(1), 95-117.
  •  
  • 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016, Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2014.
  •  
  • 8. Fu, L., Hao, J., He, D., He, K., and Li, P., 2001, Assessment of vehicular pollution in China, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 51(5), 658-668.
  •  
  • 9. Goolsby, D.A., Battaglin, W.A., Aulenbach B.T., and Hooper, R.P., 2001, Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico, Environ. Qual., 30(2), 329-336
  •  
  • 10. Hao, J., Tian, H., and Lu, Y., 2002, Emission inventories of $NO_x$ from commercial energy consumption in China, 1995-1998, Environ Sci Technol., 36(4), 552-560.
  •  
  • 11. Holland, E.A. Dentener, F.J., Braswell, B.H., and Sulzman, J.M., 1999, Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets, Biogeochem., 46(1-3), 7-43.
  •  
  • 12. Idol, T., Pope, P., Jr, F., 2003, N mineralization, nitrification, and N uptake across a 100-year chronosequence of upland hardwood forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 176(1-3), 509-518.
  •  
  • 13. Kang, P.G., Lee, S.W., Park, H.K., Byeon, M.S., and Kong, D.S., 2006, Study on the release of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from sediment in Lake Chungju, Proceedings of the Co-Conference of Korean Society of water and wastewater and Korean Society on Water Environment, Daegu, Korea, p.1231-1232.
  •  
  • 14. Kim, S.D. and Dale, B., 2008, Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions and economics of corn production, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6028-6033.
  •  
  • 15. Lee, Y.H., 2001, Estimation of nitrogen deposition in South Korea, Thesis (doctoral), Seoul national university.
  •  
  • 16. Leip, A., Britz, W., Weiss, F., and Vries, W., 2011, Farm, land, and soil nitrogen budgets for agriculture in Europe calculated with CAPRI, Environ. Pollut., 159(11), 3243-3253.
  •  
  • 17. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013, Plan of Long-Term livestock manure recycling.
  •  
  • 18. Ministry of Environment, 2012, Plan of application of biogas production and sewage sludge reduction.
  •  
  • 19. Misselbrook, T.H., Cape, J.N., Cardenas, L.M., Chadwick, D.R., Dragosits, U., and Hobbs, P.J., 2001, Key unknowns in estimating atmospheric emissions from UK land management, Atmos. Environ., 45(5), 1067-1074.
  •  
  • 20. Mosier, A.R., 2002, Environmental challenges associated with needed increases in global nitrogen fixation, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 63(2), 101-16.
  •  
  • 21. Mosier, A., Kroeze, C., Nevison, C., Oenema, O., Seitzinger, S., and Van Cleemput, O., 1998, Closing the global N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle, Nutr. cycl. Agroecosyst., 52(2), 225-248.
  •  
  • 22. Nam, Y.H., An, S.W., Jung, M.S., and Park, J.W., 2012, Nitrogen budgets of agriculture and livestock in South Korea at 2010, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 34(3), 204-213.
  •  
  • 23. Nam, Y.H., An, S.W., and Park, J.W., 2011, Nitrogen Budget of South Korea in 2008: Evaluation of Non-point Source Pollution and $N_2O$ Emission, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 33(2), 103-112.
  •  
  • 24. Ortiz-zayas, J.R., Cuevas E., Mayol-Bracero, O.L., Donoso, L., Trebs, I., Figueroa-Nieves., D., and Mcdowell, W.H., 2006, Urban influences on the nitrogen cycle in Puerto Rico, Biogeochem., 79, 109-133.
  •  
  • 25. Parfitt, R.L., Schipper, L.A., Baisden, W.T., and Elliott, A.H., 2006, Nitrogen inputs and outputs for New Zealand in 2001 at national and regional scales, Biogeochem., 80, 71-88.
  •  
  • 26. Roh, K.A., Kim, M.K., Ko, B.G., Kim, G.Y., Shim, K.M., and Lee, D.B., 2009, Estimation of rice cultivation impacts on water environment with environmental characteristics and agricultural practices by nitrogen balances, Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert, 42(6), 439-446.
  •  
  • 27. Rosswall, T. and Paustian, K., 1984, Cycling of nitrogen in modern agricultural systems, Plant Soil, 76(1), 3-21.
  •  
  • 28. Salvagiotti, F., Castellarin, J.M., Miralles, D.J., and Pedrol, H.M., 2009, Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake, Field Crops Res., 113(2), 170-177.
  •  
  • 29. Scolow, R.H., 1999, Nitrogen management and the future of food: Lessons from management of energy and carbon, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Natl. Acad. Sci., California, U.S., 96, 6001-6008.
  •  
  • 30. Shin, J.H., Yoo, C.W., An, S.W., and Park, J.W., 2014, 2011 Nitrogen Budget of South Korea Including Nitrogen Oxides in Gas Phase, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 36(2), 75-83.
  •  
  • 31. Vestreng, V., Ntziachristos, L., Semb, A., Reis, S., Isaksen, I., and Tarrasn, L., 2009, Evolution of NOx emissions in Europe with focus on road transport control measures, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(4), 1503-1520.
  •  
  • 32. Vitousek, P.M., Aber, J.D., Howarth, R.W., Likens, G.E., Matson, P.A., and Schindler, D.W., 1997, Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences, Ecol. Appl., 7(3), 737-750.
  •  
  • 33. Water Resources Management Information System, http://www.wamis.go.kr/ [accessed 17.06.01]
  •  
  • 34. Xing, G.X. and Zhu, Z.L., 2002, Regional nitrogen budgets for china and its major watersheds, Biogeochem., 57(58), 405-427.
  •  
  • 35. Yun, D.M., Park, S.H., and Park, J.W, 2008, Nitrogen Budgets for South Korea in 2005, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 30(1), 97-105.
  •  
  • 36. Zhang, Y., Luan, S., Chen, L., and Shao M., 2011, Estimating the volatilization of ammonia from synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers used in China, J. Environ. Manage., 92(3), 480-493.
  •  

This Article