Measurement of Gas-Accessible PCE Saturation in Unsaturated Soil using Gas Tracers during the Removal of PCE

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.5.042

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2011 Vol.16, Issue 5 Preview Page Next Page

Measurement of Gas-Accessible PCE Saturation in Unsaturated Soil using Gas Tracers during the Removal of PCE 토양 내 PCE 제거과정에서 가스 분배추적자기법을 이용한 공기노출 PCE의 잔류량 검출: 김헌기;권한준;송영수;
Kim, Heon-Ki;Kwon, Han-Joon;Song, Young-Soo;

31 October 2011. pp. 42 ~ 52

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Abstract

In this laboratory study, the changes in gas-exposed perchloroethene (PCE) saturation in sand during a PCE removal process were measured using gaseous tracers. The flux of fresh air through a glass column packed with PCEcontaminated, partially water-saturated sand drove the removal of PCE from the column. During the removal of PCE, methane, n-pentane, difluoromethane and chloroform were used as the non-reactive, PCE-partitioning, water-partitioning, and PCE and water-partitioning tracers, respectively. N-pentane was used to detect the PCE fraction exposed to the mobile gas. At water saturation of 0.11, only 65% of the PCE was found to be exposed to the mobile gas prior to the removal of PCE, as calculated from the n-pentane retardation factor. More PCE than that detected by n-pentane was depleted from the column due to volatilization through the aqueous phase. However, the ratio of gas-exposed to total PCE decreased on the removal of PCE, implying gas-exposed PCE was preferentially removed by vaporization. These results suggest that the water-insoluble, PCE-partitioning tracer (n-pentane in this study), along with other tracers, can be used to investigate the changes in fluid (including nonaqueous phase liquid) saturation and the removal mechanism during the remediation process.

Keywords

Soil;Unsaturated zone;Remediation;Contamination;PCE;NAPL;Partitioning tracer;

References

Annable, M.D., Jawitz, J.W., Rao, P.S.C., Dai, D.P., Kim, H., and Wood, A.L., 1998(a), Field evaluation of interfacial and partitioning tracers for characterization of effective NAPL-water contact areas, Ground Water, 36, 495-502.10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02821.x
Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Hatfield, K., Graham, W.D., Wood, A. L., and Enfield, C.G., 1998(b), Partitioning tracers for measuring residual NAPL: Field-scale test results, J. Environ. Eng., 124, 498-503.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)
Deeds, N.E., Pope, G.A., and McKinney, D.C., 1999, Vadose zone characterization at a contaminated field site using partitioning interwell tracer technology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2745-2751.10.1021/es9900252
Hunkeler, D., Hoehn, E., Hohener, P., and Zeyer, J., 1997, $^{222}Rn$ as a partitioning tracer to detest diesel fuel contamination in aquifers: Laboratory study and field observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3180-3187.10.1021/es970163w
Jin, M., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Sepehrnoori, K., and Tilburg, C.E., 1995, Partitioning tracer test for detection, estimation, and remediation performance assessment of subsurface nonaqueous phase liquids, Water Resour. Res., 31, 1201-1211.10.1029/95WR00174
Keller, J.M. and Brusseau, M.L., 2003, In-situ characterization of soil-water content using gas-phase partitioning tracer tests: Field-scale evaluation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3141-3144.10.1021/es0340329
Kim, H., Choi, K.-M., Rao, and P. Suresh. C., 2007, Measurement of gas-accessible NAPL saturation in soil using gaseous tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 235-241.10.1021/es060992u
Kim, H., Rao, P.S.C., and Annable, M.D., 1999, Gaseous tracer technique for estimating air-water interfacial areas and interface mobility, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 1554-1560.10.2136/sssaj1999.6361554x
Mackay, D. and Shiu, W.Y., 1981, A critical-review of Henrys's law constants for chemicals of environmental interest, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175-1199.10.1063/1.555654
Mariner, P.E., Jin, M., Studer, J.E., and Pope, G.A., 1999, The first vadose zone partitioning interwell tracer test for nonaqueous phase liquid and water residual, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2825-2828.10.1021/es9901720
Nelson, N.T. and Brusseau, M.L., 1996, Field study of the partitioning tracer method for detection of dense nonaqueous phase liquid in a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2859-2863.10.1021/es960148b
Nelson, N.T., Brusseau, M.L., Carlson, T.D., Costanza, M.S., Young, M.H., Johnson, G.R., and Wierenga, P.J., 1999, A gas-phase partitioning tracer method for the in situ measurement of soil-water content, Water Resour. Res., 35, 3699-3707.10.1029/1999WR900250
Nelson, N.T., Oostrom, M., Wietsma, T.W., and Brusseau, M.L., 1999, Partitioning tracer method for the in situ measurement of DNAPL saturation: Influence of heterogeneity and sampling method, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4046-4053.10.1021/es990022p
Valocchi, A.J., 1985, Validity of the local equilibrium assumption for modeling sorbing solute transport through homogeneous soils, Water Resour. Res., 21, 808-820.10.1029/WR021i006p00808
Whitley Jr., G.A., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Rouse, B.A., and Deeds, N.E., 1999, Contaminated vadose zone characterization using partitioning gas tracers, J. Environ. Eng., 125, 574-582.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:6(574)
Young, C.M., Jackson, R.E., Jin, M., Londergan, J.T., Mariner, P.E., .Pope, G.A., Anderson, F.J., and Houk, T., 1999, Characterization of a TCE DNAPL zone in alluvium by partitioning tracers, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 19, 84-94.10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00190.x

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 16
No :5
Pages :42 ~ 52
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.5.042

[1] Annable, M.D., Jawitz, J.W., Rao, P.S.C., Dai, D.P., Kim, H., and Wood, A.L., 1998(a), Field evaluation of interfacial and partitioning tracers for characterization of effective NAPL-water contact areas, Ground Water, 36, 495-502.10.1111/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02821.x

[2] Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Hatfield, K., Graham, W.D., Wood, A. L., and Enfield, C.G., 1998(b), Partitioning tracers for measuring residual NAPL: Field-scale test results, J. Environ. Eng., 124, 498-503.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:6(498)

[3] Deeds, N.E., Pope, G.A., and McKinney, D.C., 1999, Vadose zone characterization at a contaminated field site using partitioning interwell tracer technology, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2745-2751.10.1021/es9900252

[4] Hunkeler, D., Hoehn, E., Hohener, P., and Zeyer, J., 1997, $^{222}Rn$ as a partitioning tracer to detest diesel fuel contamination in aquifers: Laboratory study and field observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3180-3187.10.1021/es970163w

[5] Jin, M., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Sepehrnoori, K., and Tilburg, C.E., 1995, Partitioning tracer test for detection, estimation, and remediation performance assessment of subsurface nonaqueous phase liquids, Water Resour. Res., 31, 1201-1211.10.1029/95WR00174

[6] Keller, J.M. and Brusseau, M.L., 2003, In-situ characterization of soil-water content using gas-phase partitioning tracer tests: Field-scale evaluation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 3141-3144.10.1021/es0340329

[7] Kim, H., Choi, K.-M., Rao, and P. Suresh. C., 2007, Measurement of gas-accessible NAPL saturation in soil using gaseous tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 235-241.10.1021/es060992u

[8] Kim, H., Rao, P.S.C., and Annable, M.D., 1999, Gaseous tracer technique for estimating air-water interfacial areas and interface mobility, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 1554-1560.10.2136/sssaj1999.6361554x

[9] Mackay, D. and Shiu, W.Y., 1981, A critical-review of Henrys's law constants for chemicals of environmental interest, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175-1199.10.1063/1.555654

[10] Mariner, P.E., Jin, M., Studer, J.E., and Pope, G.A., 1999, The first vadose zone partitioning interwell tracer test for nonaqueous phase liquid and water residual, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2825-2828.10.1021/es9901720

[11] Nelson, N.T. and Brusseau, M.L., 1996, Field study of the partitioning tracer method for detection of dense nonaqueous phase liquid in a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2859-2863.10.1021/es960148b

[12] Nelson, N.T., Brusseau, M.L., Carlson, T.D., Costanza, M.S., Young, M.H., Johnson, G.R., and Wierenga, P.J., 1999, A gas-phase partitioning tracer method for the in situ measurement of soil-water content, Water Resour. Res., 35, 3699-3707.10.1029/1999WR900250

[13] Nelson, N.T., Oostrom, M., Wietsma, T.W., and Brusseau, M.L., 1999, Partitioning tracer method for the in situ measurement of DNAPL saturation: Influence of heterogeneity and sampling method, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 4046-4053.10.1021/es990022p

[14] Valocchi, A.J., 1985, Validity of the local equilibrium assumption for modeling sorbing solute transport through homogeneous soils, Water Resour. Res., 21, 808-820.10.1029/WR021i006p00808

[15] Whitley Jr., G.A., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Rouse, B.A., and Deeds, N.E., 1999, Contaminated vadose zone characterization using partitioning gas tracers, J. Environ. Eng., 125, 574-582.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:6(574)

[16] Young, C.M., Jackson, R.E., Jin, M., Londergan, J.T., Mariner, P.E., .Pope, G.A., Anderson, F.J., and Houk, T., 1999, Characterization of a TCE DNAPL zone in alluvium by partitioning tracers, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 19, 84-94.10.1111/j.1745-6592.1999.tb00190.x

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment ISSN:1598-6438(Print) 2287-8831(Online) 지하수토양환경

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