All Issue

2024 Vol.29, Issue 4 Preview Page
Groundwater Level Responses due to Moderate·Small Magnitude Earthquakes Using 1Hz groundwater Data

1Hz 지하수 데이터를 활용한 중·소규모 지진으로 인한 지하수위 반응

Gahyeon Lee1
,
Jae Min Lee1
,
Dongkyu Park1
,
Dong-Hun Kim1
,
Jaehoon Jung1
,
Soo-Hyoung Lee1*
이가현 1
,
이재민 1
,
박동규 1
,
김동훈 1
,
정재훈 1
,
이수형 1*
1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Groundwater Environment Research Center
1한국지질자원연구원 지하수환경연구센터
*Corresponding Author
31 August 2024. pp. 32-43
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Recently, numerous earthquakes have caused significant casualties and property damage worldwide, including major events in 2023 (Türkiye, M7.8; Morocco, M6.8) and 2024 (Noto Peninsula, Japan, M7.6; Taiwan, M7.4). In South Korea, the frequency of detectable and noticeable earthquakes has been gradually increasing since the M5.8 Gyeongju Earthquake. Notable recent events include those in Jeju (M4.9), Goesan (M4.1), the East Sea (M4.5), and Gyeongju (M4.0) since 2020. This study, for the first time in South Korea, monitored groundwater levels and temperatures at a 1Hz frequency to observe the responses in groundwater to moderate and small earthquakes primarily occurring within the country. Between April 23, 2023, and May 22, 2023, 17 earthquakes were reported in the East Sea region with magnitudes ranging from M2.0 to M4.5. Analysis of groundwater level responses at the Gangneung observation station revealed fluctuations associated with five of these events. The 1Hz observation data clearly showed groundwater level changes even for small earthquakes, indicating that groundwater is highly sensitive to the frequent small earthquakes recently occurring in South Korea. The analysis confirmed that the maximum amplitude of groundwater level changes due to earthquakes is proportional to the earthquake’s magnitude and the distance from the epicenter. These findings highlight the importance of precise 1Hz-level observations in earthquake-groundwater research. This study provides foundational data for earthquake monitoring and prediction and emphasizes the need for ongoing research into monitoring the changes in groundwater parameters (such as aquifer characteristics, quantity/quality, and contaminant migration) induced by various magnitudes of earthquakes that may occur within the country in the future.

Keywords
Groundwater level
1Hz observation
Moderate and Small earthquakes
Earthquake magnitude
Epicentral distance
References

References

1

Barbieri, M., Boschetti, T., Petitta, M. and Tallini, M., 2005, Stable isotope (2H, 18O and 87Sr/86Sr) and hydrochemistry monitoring for groundwater hydrodynamics analysis in a karst aquifer (Gran Sasso, Central Italy), Applied Geochemistry, 20(11), 2063-2081.

10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.07.008
2

Brodsky, E.E., Roeloffs, E., Woodcock, D., Gall, I. and Manga, M., 2003, A mechnism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(b8), 2390.

10.1029/2002jb002321
3

Charmoille, A., Fabbri, O., Mudry, J., Guglielmi, Y. and Bertrand, C., 2005, Post seismic permeability change in a shallow fractured aquifer following a ML 5.1 earthquake (Fourbanne karst aquifer, Jura outermost thrust unit, eastern France), Geophysical Research Letters, 32(18).

10.1029/2005gl023859
4

Cheong, J.Y., 2013, Analyzing groundwater change on a volcanic island caused by the impact of the M9 Sumatra earthquake, Geosciences Journal, 17(2), 183-195.

10.1007/s12303-013-0012-4
5

Chia, Y., Chiu, J.J., Chiang, Y.-H., Lee T.P. and Lee, C.-W., 2008, Spatial and Temporal Changes of Groundwater Level Induced by Thrust Faulting, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 165, 5-16.

10.1007/s00024-007-0293-5
6

Chia, Y., Wang, Y. S., Chiu, J. J. and Liu, C. W, 2001, Changes of groundwater level due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in the Choshui River alluvial fan in Taiwan, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5), 1062-1068.

10.1785/0120000726
7

Claesson, L., Skelton, A., Graham, C., Dietl, C., Mörth, M., Torssander, P. and Kockum, I., 2004, Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake, Geology, 32(8), 641-644.

10.1130/g20542.1
8

Claesson, L., Skelton, A., Graham, C. and Mörth, C. M., 2007, The timescale and mechanisms of fault sealing and water‐rock interaction after an earthquake, Geofluids, 7(4), 427-440.

10.1111/j.1468-8123.2007.00197.x
9

Cooper, H.H., Bredehoeft, J.D., Papadopulos, I.S. and Bennett, R.R., 1965, The response of Well-Aquifer Systems to Seismic Waves, Journal of Geophysical Research, 70(16), 3915-3926.

10.1029/jz070i016p03915
10

Ferris, J. G., 1951, Cyclic fluctuations of water level as a basis for determining aquifer transmissibility, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 33, 148-155

10.3133/70133368
11

Grecksch, G., Roth, F. and Kumple, H.J., 1999, Coseismic well level changes due to the 1992 Roermond earthquake compared with static deformation of half space solutions, Geophysical Journal International, 138, 470-478.

10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00894.x
12

Hong, T.K., Lee, J. and Houng, S.E., 2015, Long-term evolution of intraplate seismicity in stress shadows after a mega thrust, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 245, 59-70.

10.1016/j.pepi.2015.05.009
13

Jeon, W.-H., Kwon, K.-S. and Lee, J.-Y., 2011, Evaluation of groundwater level changes in Korea due to the earthquake in Japan (magnitude 9.0 in 2011), Geology, 47(6), 695-706.

14

Jónsson, S., Segall, P., Pedersen, R. and Björnsson, G., 2003 Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients, Nature, 424, 179–183.

10.1038/nature01776
15

Jónsson, S., Segall, P., Pedersen, R. and Bjornsson, G., 2003, Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients, Nature, 424(6945), 179-183.

10.1038/nature01776
16

Kano, Y. and Yanagidani, T., 2006, Broadband hydroseismograms observed by closed borehole wells in the Kamioka mine, central Japan: Response of pore pressure to seismic waves from 0.05 to 2 Hz, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B3).

10.1029/2005jb003656
17

Kee, W.-S., Kim, S.W. Kim, H., Hong, P., Kwon, C.W., Lee, H,-J., Cho, D.-L., Koh, H.J., Song, K.-Y., Byun, U.H., Jang, Y. and Lee, B.C., Geologic Map of Korea (1:1,000,000), 2019, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources.

18

Kihm, Y.H. and Hwang, J.H., 2011, Geological Report of the Gangeung-Jumunjin Sheets, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources.

19

Kim, B., Kim, Y.M., Son, M., Song S.K., Oh T.S., Lee, G.-S., Lim, H., Cho, C.S., Choi Y. and Choi J.-H., 2023, Donghae(Gangwon) Consecutive Earthquake Report, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources

20

King, C. Y., Azuma, S., Igarashi, G., Ohno, M., Saito, H. and Wakita, H., 1999, Earthquake‐related water‐level changes at 16 closely clustered wells in Tono, central Japan, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 104(B6), 13073-13082.

10.1029/1999jb900080
21

Kitagawa, Y. and Koizumi, N., 2000, A study on the mechanism of coseismic groundwater changes: Interpretation by a groundwater model composed of multiple aquifers with different strain responses, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 105(B8), 19121-19134.

10.1029/2000jb900156
22

KIGAM(Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), Magnitude, https://www.kigam.re.kr/quake/ [accessed 2024.04.04]

23

KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration), 2024a, Earthquake Trends, https://www.kma.go.kr/neng/index.do [accessed 24.04.01]

24

KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration), 2024b, Gangneung Meteorological annals, http://www.kma.go.kr/ [accessed 24.04.01]

25

KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration), 2024c, 2023 Earthquake Search(Korea), http://www.kma.go.kr/ [accessed 24.04.01]

26

Lay, T. and Wallace, T. C., 1995, Modern global seismology, Elsevier.

27

Lee, C.W. 2007, Analysis of Monitoring Data Obtained from Three Boreholes in Haengbok(Sejing) City for Geothermal Resources Develoment, The Korean Society for New and Renewable Energy, 445-448

28

Lee, S.-H., Hamm, S.-Y., Ha, K., Kim, Y., Cheong, B.-K., Ko, K.-S., Koh, G.W., Kim. and G.-P., 2011, Analysis of Groundwater Level Changes Due to Earthquake in Jeju Island (For the Indonesian Earthquake with Magnitude 7.7 in 2010, The Journal of Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment, 16(2), 41-51.

10.7857/jsge.2011.16.2.041
29

Lee, S.-H., Ha, K., Hamm, S.-Y. and Ko, K.-S., 2013a, Groundwater responses to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on Jeju Island, Korea, Hydrological Processes, 27, 1147-1157.

10.1002/hyp.9287
30

Lee, S.-H., Ha, K., Shin, J.S., Ko, K.-S. and Hamm, S.-Y., 2013b Successive Groundwater Level Chagnes on Jeju Island due to the MW9.0 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2B), 1614-1621.

10.1785/0120120054
31

Lee, S.-H., Cheong, J.-Y., Park, Y.-S., Ha, K., Kim, Y., Kim, S.-W. and Hamm, S.-Y., 2017, Groundwater level changes on Jeju Island associated with the Kumamoto and Gyeongju earthquakes, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 8(2), 1783–1791.

10.1080/19475705.2017.1387181
32

Lee, H.A. and Woo, N.C., 2012, Influence of the M9.0 Tohoku Earthquake on groundwater in Korea, Geosciences Journal, 16(1), 1-6.

10.1007/s12303-012-0010-y
33

Liu, P. L. F., Turcotte, B. R. and Kulhawy, F. H., 1986, Wave propagation over a sediment trench, Journal of waterway, port, coastal, and ocean engineering, 112(1), 64-77.

10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1986)112:1(64)
34

No, T., Sato, T., Kodaira, S., Ishiyama, T., Sato, H., Takahashi, N. and Kaneda, Y., 2014, The Source Fault of the 1983 Nihonkai–Chubu Earthquake Revealed by Seismic Imaging, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 400(15), 14–25.

10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.026
35

Ok, S.I., 2010, Characteristics of Aquifer System and Change of Groundwater Level due to Earthquake in the Western Half of Jeju Island, Economic and Environmental Geology, 43(4), 359-369.

36

Park, Y., Lee, J.Y., Lim, H.G. and Park, Y.C., 2011, Characteristics of hydraulic conductivity of carbonate aquifers in Gangwon Province, The Journal of Engineering Geology, 21(1), 79-85.

10.9720/kseg.2011.21.1.079
37

Quilty, E. and Roeloffs, E., 1997, Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 87(2), 310-317.

10.1785/bssa0870020310
38

Ramana, D. V., Chadha, R. K., Singh, C. and Shekar, M., 2007, Water level fluctuations due to earthquakes in Koyna-Warna region, India, Natural Hazards, 40(3), 585-592.

10.1007/s11069-006-9022-0
39

Roeloffs, E.A., 1998, Persistent water level changes in a well near Parkfield, California, due to local and distant earthquake, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 869-889.

10.1029/97jb02335
40

Roeloffs, E., Sneed, M., Galloway, D.L., Sorey, M.L., Farrar, C.D., Howle, J.F. and Hughes, J., 2003, Waterlevel changes induced by local and distant earthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 127, 269-303.

10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00173-2
41

Rojstaczer, S., Wolf, S. and Michel, R., 1992, Permeability enhancement in the shallow crust as a cause of earthquake induced hydrological changes, Nature, 373, 237-239.

10.1038/373237a0
42

Shi, G., Shi, Y. and Wang, Y., 2007, Behaviour of end-plate moment connections under earthquake loading, Engineering structures, 29(5), 703-716.

10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.06.016
43

Skelton, A., Andrén, M., Kristmannsdóttir, H., Stockmann, G., Mörth, C. M., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á. and Kockum, I., 2014, Changes in groundwater chemistry before two consecutive earthquakes in Iceland, Nature Geoscience, 7(10), 752-756.

10.1038/ngeo2250
44

USGS(United States Geological Survey), Earthquake Hazards Program, https://www.usgs.gov/ [accessed 24.06.28]

45

Wakita, H., 1975, Water wells as possible indicators of tectonic strain, Science, 189, 553-555.

10.1126/science.189.4202.553
46

Wang, C. Y. and Chia, Y., 2008, Mechanism of water level changes during earthquakes: Near field versus intermediate field, Geophysical Research Letters, 35(12).

47

Wang, C. Y. and Manga, M., 2009, Groundwater level change, Earthquakes and water, 67-95.

48

Wang, K., Hu, Y., and He, J., 2012, Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth, Nature, 484(7394), 327-332.

10.1038/nature11032
49

Woo, N.C., Piap, J., Lee, J.M., Lee, C.J., Kang, I.O. and Choi, D.H., 2015, Abnormal Changes in Groundwater Monitoring Data Due to Small-Magnitude Earthquakes, The Journal of Engineering Geology, 25, 21-33.

10.9720/kseg.2015.1.21
50

Yun, S.M., Hamm, S.-Y., Cheng, J.Y., Lee, C.M., Seo, W.S. and Woo, N.C., 2019, Analyzing groundwater level anomalies in a fault zone in Korea caused by local and offshore earthquakes, Geosciences Journal, 23, 137-148.

10.1007/s12303-018-0062-8
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
  • Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
  • Volume : 29
  • No :4
  • Pages :32-43
  • Received Date : 2024-07-25
  • Revised Date : 2024-08-05
  • Accepted Date : 2024-08-19
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2024.29.4.032
Journal Informaiton Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Online Submission
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close