Evaluation of Electrolyte and Electrode Spacing for Application of Electrokinetic Remediation

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2013.18.1.006

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2013 Vol.18, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Evaluation of Electrolyte and Electrode Spacing for Application of Electrokinetic Remediation 전기동력학적 정화기술 적용을 위한 최적의 전해질 선택 및 전극간의 거리 평가: 박근용;김우승;김도형;양중석;백기태;
Park, Geun-Yong;Kim, Woo-Seung;Kim, Do-Hyung;Yang, Jung-Seok;Baek, Kitae;

28 February 2013. pp. 6 ~ 15

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Abstract

The influence of processing fluids and electrode spacing on the electrokinetic process was evaluated to remediate As-, Cu-, Pb-contaminated soil. Single and mixture of sodium citrate, EDTA and NaOH was used to investigate the metal extraction. EDTA for washing reagent showed the highest removal efficiency. Based on the extraction result, the electrode spacing (20, 40, 60 cm) on the electrokinetic process was investigated to remove the multi-metals from soil. The highest removal was observed at the experiment with 60 cm of electrode spacing, however, the correlation between electrode spacing and removal of metals was not clear. The electrode spacing influenced the amount of accumulated electro-osmotic flow. BCR sequential extraction showed that electrokinetic process removed the fractionation of metals bound to Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide.

Keywords

electrokinetic;electrode spacing;chelating agents;fractionation;

References

Acar, Y.B. and Alshawabkeh, A.N., 1993, Principles of Electrokinetic Remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2638-2647.10.1021/es00049a002
Acar, Y.B., Gale, R.J., Alshawabkeh, A.N., Marks, R.E., Puppala, S., Bricka, M., and Parker, R., 1995, Electrokinetic Remediation: Basics and Technology Status, J. Hazard. Mater., 40, 117-137.10.1016/0304-3894(94)00066-P
Acar, Y.B., and Alshawabkeh, A.N., 1996, Electrokinetic remediation. I: Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite, J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 122, 173-185.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(173)
Alshawabkeh, A.N., Yeung, A.T., and Bricka, M.R., 1999, Practical aspects of in-situ electrokinetic extraction, J. Eviron. Eng., 125, 27-35.
Bacon, J.R. and Davidson, C.M., 2008, Is there a future for sequential chemical extraction?, Analyst, 133, 25-46.10.1039/b711896a
Baek, K., Kim, D.-H., Seo, C.-I., Yang, J.-S., and Lee, J.-Y., 2007, Remediation of Pb-Contaminated Soil by Soil Washing using Hdrochloric Acid, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 12(3), 17- 22.
Baek, K., Kim, D.H., Park, S.W., Ryu, B.G., Batjargal, T., and Yang, J.S., 2009, Electrolyte-conditioning-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated mine tailing, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 457-462.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.127
Cho, J.-M., Ryu, B.-G., Park, S.-W., Kim, K.J., and Baek, K., 2009, Electrokinetic Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Zn, Ni and F, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 36-43.
Cho, J.-M., Jo, S.-U., Kim, D.-H., Yang, J.-S., and Baek, K., 2011, Electrokinetic Restoration of Saline Soil Accumulated with Nitrate and Sulfate, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 16(5), 18- 23.10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.5.018
Dermont, G., Bergeron, M., Mercier, G., and Richer-Lafleche, M., 2008, Soil washing for metal removal: A review of physical/ chemical technologies and field applications, J. Hazard. Mater., 152, 1-31.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.043
Gleyzes, C., Tellier, S., Sabrier, R., and Astruc. M., 2001, Arsenic characterisation in industrial soils by chemical extractions. Environ. Technol., 22, 27-38.10.1080/09593332208618313
Jeon, C.S., Baek, K., Park, J.K., Oh, Y.K., and Lee, S.D., 2009, Adsorption characteristics of As(V) on iron-coated zeolite, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 804-808.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.052
Kim, D.H., Ryu, B.G., Park, S.W., Seo, C.I., and Baek, K., 2009a, Electrokinetic remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 165, 501-505.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.025
Kim, D.H., Jeon, C.S., Ko, S.H., and Yang, J.S., 2009b, Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil: Conditioning of anolyte, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 565-569.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.084
Kim, G.N., Lee, S.S., Shon, D.B., Lee, K.W., and Chung, U.S., 2010, Development of pilot-scale electrokinetic remediation technology to remove Co-60 and Cs-137 from soil, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 986-991.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.05.014
Kim, B.K., Baek, K., Ko, S.H., and Yang, J.W., 2011a, Research and field experiences on electrokinetic remediation in South Korea, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 116-123.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.03.002
Kim, K.J., Kim, D.H., Yoo, J.C., and Baek, K., 2011b, Electrokinetic extraction of heavy metals from dredged marine sediment, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 164-169.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.010
Kim, S.O., Kim, W.S., and Kim, K.W., 2005, Evaluation of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils, Environ. Geochem., 27, 443-453.10.1007/s10653-005-2673-z
Kim, W.S., Park, G.Y., Kim, D.H., Jung, H.B., Ko, S.H., and Baek, K., 2012, In situ field scale electrokinetic remediation of multi-metals contaminated paddy soil: Influence of electrode configuration, Electrochim. Acta, 86, 89-95.10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.078
Lee, K.Y., Yoon, I.H., Lee, B.T., Kim, S.O., and Kim, K.W., 2009, A Novel Combination of Anaerobic Bioleaching and Electrokinetics for Arsenic Removal from Mine Tailing Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9354-9360.10.1021/es901544x
Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Fiedler, H.D., Rubio, R., Rauret, G., Muntau, H., and Quevauviller, P., 1998, CRM 601, A stable material for its extractable content of heavy metals. Analyst, 123, 1675-1677.10.1039/a802720j
Moutsatsou, A., Gregou, M., Matsas, D., and Protonotarios, V., 2006, Washing as a remediation technology applicable in soils heavily polluted by mining-metallurgical activities, Chemosphere, 63, 1632-1640.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.015
Park, S.-W., Cho, J.-M., Ryu, B.-G., Kim, K.-J., Baek, K., and Yang, J.-S., 2008, Feasibility Study on Acid-enhanced Electrokintic Remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated Soil, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 13(6), 17-22.
Park, S.-W., Lee, J.-Y., Kwon, T.-S, Kim, K.-J., Chung, K.-Y., and Baek, K., 2009a, Feasibility Study on the Remediation of Zn-contaminated Railroad Soil using Various Washing Agents, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 78-82.
Park, S.W., Lee, J.Y., Yang, J.S., Kim, K.J., and Baek, K., 2009b, Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil with waste-lubricant oils and zinc, J. Hazard. Mater, 169, 1168-1172.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.039
Park, G.-Y., Kim, D.-H., and Baek, K., 2010, Evaluation of Processing Fluids on Electrokinetic remediation of Cu, Pb, As-contaminated soil, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 15(5), 1-7.
Rauret, G., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson, C., Ure, A., and Quevauviller, P., 1999, Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J. Environ. Monit. 1, 57-61.10.1039/a807854h
Ryu, B.G., Park, S.W., Baek, K., and Yang, J.S., 2009, Pulsed Electrokinetic Decontamination of Agricultural Lands around Abandoned Mines Contaminated with Heavy Metals, Sep. Sci. Technol., 44, 2421-2436.10.1080/01496390902983778
Ryu, B.G., Yang, J.S., Kim, D.H., and Baek, K., 2010, Pulsed electrokinetic removal of Cd and Zn from fine-grained soil, J. Appl. Electrochem., 40, 1039-1047.10.1007/s10800-009-0046-5
Ryu, B.G., Park, G.Y., Yang, J.W., and Baek, K., 2011, Electrolyte conditioning for electrokinetic remediation of As, Cu, and Pb-contaminated soil, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 170-176.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.025
Shin, H.-M., 2009, Removal of Cr, Pb and Cd from Reservoir Sediment by Electrokinetic Technique, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 68-77.
Yang, J.S., Lee, J.Y., Baek, K., Kwon, T.S., and Choi, J., 2009, Extraction behavior of As, Pb, and Zn from mine tailings with acid and base solutions, J. Hazard. Mater., 171, 443-451.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.021
Zhang, W.H., Huang, H., Tan, F.F., Wang, H., and Qiu, R.L., 2010, Influence of EDTA washing on the species and mobility of heavy metals residual in soils, J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 369-376.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.087

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 18
No :1
Pages :6 ~ 15
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2013.18.1.006

[1] Acar, Y.B. and Alshawabkeh, A.N., 1993, Principles of Electrokinetic Remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2638-2647.10.1021/es00049a002

[2] Acar, Y.B., Gale, R.J., Alshawabkeh, A.N., Marks, R.E., Puppala, S., Bricka, M., and Parker, R., 1995, Electrokinetic Remediation: Basics and Technology Status, J. Hazard. Mater., 40, 117-137.10.1016/0304-3894(94)00066-P

[3] Acar, Y.B., and Alshawabkeh, A.N., 1996, Electrokinetic remediation. I: Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite, J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE, 122, 173-185.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(173)

[4] Alshawabkeh, A.N., Yeung, A.T., and Bricka, M.R., 1999, Practical aspects of in-situ electrokinetic extraction, J. Eviron. Eng., 125, 27-35.

[5] Bacon, J.R. and Davidson, C.M., 2008, Is there a future for sequential chemical extraction?, Analyst, 133, 25-46.10.1039/b711896a

[6] Baek, K., Kim, D.-H., Seo, C.-I., Yang, J.-S., and Lee, J.-Y., 2007, Remediation of Pb-Contaminated Soil by Soil Washing using Hdrochloric Acid, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 12(3), 17- 22.

[7] Baek, K., Kim, D.H., Park, S.W., Ryu, B.G., Batjargal, T., and Yang, J.S., 2009, Electrolyte-conditioning-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated mine tailing, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 457-462.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.127

[8] Cho, J.-M., Ryu, B.-G., Park, S.-W., Kim, K.J., and Baek, K., 2009, Electrokinetic Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Zn, Ni and F, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 36-43.

[9] Cho, J.-M., Jo, S.-U., Kim, D.-H., Yang, J.-S., and Baek, K., 2011, Electrokinetic Restoration of Saline Soil Accumulated with Nitrate and Sulfate, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 16(5), 18- 23.10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.5.018

[10] Dermont, G., Bergeron, M., Mercier, G., and Richer-Lafleche, M., 2008, Soil washing for metal removal: A review of physical/ chemical technologies and field applications, J. Hazard. Mater., 152, 1-31.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.043

[11] Gleyzes, C., Tellier, S., Sabrier, R., and Astruc. M., 2001, Arsenic characterisation in industrial soils by chemical extractions. Environ. Technol., 22, 27-38.10.1080/09593332208618313

[12] Jeon, C.S., Baek, K., Park, J.K., Oh, Y.K., and Lee, S.D., 2009, Adsorption characteristics of As(V) on iron-coated zeolite, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 804-808.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.052

[13] Kim, D.H., Ryu, B.G., Park, S.W., Seo, C.I., and Baek, K., 2009a, Electrokinetic remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated soil, J. Hazard. Mater., 165, 501-505.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.025

[14] Kim, D.H., Jeon, C.S., Ko, S.H., and Yang, J.S., 2009b, Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil: Conditioning of anolyte, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 565-569.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.084

[15] Kim, G.N., Lee, S.S., Shon, D.B., Lee, K.W., and Chung, U.S., 2010, Development of pilot-scale electrokinetic remediation technology to remove Co-60 and Cs-137 from soil, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 986-991.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.05.014

[16] Kim, B.K., Baek, K., Ko, S.H., and Yang, J.W., 2011a, Research and field experiences on electrokinetic remediation in South Korea, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 116-123.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.03.002

[17] Kim, K.J., Kim, D.H., Yoo, J.C., and Baek, K., 2011b, Electrokinetic extraction of heavy metals from dredged marine sediment, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 164-169.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.010

[18] Kim, S.O., Kim, W.S., and Kim, K.W., 2005, Evaluation of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils, Environ. Geochem., 27, 443-453.10.1007/s10653-005-2673-z

[19] Kim, W.S., Park, G.Y., Kim, D.H., Jung, H.B., Ko, S.H., and Baek, K., 2012, In situ field scale electrokinetic remediation of multi-metals contaminated paddy soil: Influence of electrode configuration, Electrochim. Acta, 86, 89-95.10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.078

[20] Lee, K.Y., Yoon, I.H., Lee, B.T., Kim, S.O., and Kim, K.W., 2009, A Novel Combination of Anaerobic Bioleaching and Electrokinetics for Arsenic Removal from Mine Tailing Soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 9354-9360.10.1021/es901544x

[21] Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Fiedler, H.D., Rubio, R., Rauret, G., Muntau, H., and Quevauviller, P., 1998, CRM 601, A stable material for its extractable content of heavy metals. Analyst, 123, 1675-1677.10.1039/a802720j

[22] Moutsatsou, A., Gregou, M., Matsas, D., and Protonotarios, V., 2006, Washing as a remediation technology applicable in soils heavily polluted by mining-metallurgical activities, Chemosphere, 63, 1632-1640.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.015

[23] Park, S.-W., Cho, J.-M., Ryu, B.-G., Kim, K.-J., Baek, K., and Yang, J.-S., 2008, Feasibility Study on Acid-enhanced Electrokintic Remediation of Zn and Ni-contaminated Soil, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 13(6), 17-22.

[24] Park, S.-W., Lee, J.-Y., Kwon, T.-S, Kim, K.-J., Chung, K.-Y., and Baek, K., 2009a, Feasibility Study on the Remediation of Zn-contaminated Railroad Soil using Various Washing Agents, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 78-82.

[25] Park, S.W., Lee, J.Y., Yang, J.S., Kim, K.J., and Baek, K., 2009b, Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil with waste-lubricant oils and zinc, J. Hazard. Mater, 169, 1168-1172.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.039

[26] Park, G.-Y., Kim, D.-H., and Baek, K., 2010, Evaluation of Processing Fluids on Electrokinetic remediation of Cu, Pb, As-contaminated soil, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 15(5), 1-7.

[27] Rauret, G., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson, C., Ure, A., and Quevauviller, P., 1999, Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials. J. Environ. Monit. 1, 57-61.10.1039/a807854h

[28] Ryu, B.G., Park, S.W., Baek, K., and Yang, J.S., 2009, Pulsed Electrokinetic Decontamination of Agricultural Lands around Abandoned Mines Contaminated with Heavy Metals, Sep. Sci. Technol., 44, 2421-2436.10.1080/01496390902983778

[29] Ryu, B.G., Yang, J.S., Kim, D.H., and Baek, K., 2010, Pulsed electrokinetic removal of Cd and Zn from fine-grained soil, J. Appl. Electrochem., 40, 1039-1047.10.1007/s10800-009-0046-5

[30] Ryu, B.G., Park, G.Y., Yang, J.W., and Baek, K., 2011, Electrolyte conditioning for electrokinetic remediation of As, Cu, and Pb-contaminated soil, Sep. Purif. Technol., 79, 170-176.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.025

[31] Shin, H.-M., 2009, Removal of Cr, Pb and Cd from Reservoir Sediment by Electrokinetic Technique, J. Soil & Groudwater Env., 14(1), 68-77.

[32] Yang, J.S., Lee, J.Y., Baek, K., Kwon, T.S., and Choi, J., 2009, Extraction behavior of As, Pb, and Zn from mine tailings with acid and base solutions, J. Hazard. Mater., 171, 443-451.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.021

[33] Zhang, W.H., Huang, H., Tan, F.F., Wang, H., and Qiu, R.L., 2010, Influence of EDTA washing on the species and mobility of heavy metals residual in soils, J. Hazard. Mater., 173, 369-376.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.087

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment ISSN:1598-6438(Print) 2287-8831(Online) 지하수토양환경

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