Optimization of Explosive Compounds (TNT and RDX) Biodegradation by Indigenous Microorganisms Activated by External Carbon Source

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2014.19.3.056

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2014 Vol.19, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Optimization of Explosive Compounds (TNT and RDX) Biodegradation by Indigenous Microorganisms Activated by External Carbon Source 외부탄소원으로 활성화된 토착미생물에 의한 화약물질(TNT and RDX) 분해 최적화: 박지은;배범한;
Park, Jieun;Bae, Bumhan;

30 June 2014. pp. 56 ~ 65

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Abstract

Contamination of explosive compounds in the soils of military shooting range may pose risks to human and ecosystems. As shooting ranges are located at remote places, active remediation processes with hardwares and equipments are less practical to implement than natural solutions such as bioremediaton. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to select a suitable carbon source and to optimize dosing rate for the enhanced bioremediation of explosive compounds in surface soils and sediments of shooting ranges with indigenous microorganisms activated by external carbon source. Treatability study using slurry phase reactors showed that the presence of indigenous microbial community capable of explosive compounds degradation in the shooting range soils, and starch was a more effective carbon source than glucose and acetic acid in the removal of TNT. However, at higher starch/soil ratio, i.e., 2.0, the acute toxicity of the liquid phase increased possibly due to transformation products of TNT. RDX degradation by indigenous microorganisms was also stimulated by the addition of starch but the acute toxicity of the liquid phase decreased with the increase of starch/soil ratio. Taken together, the optimum range of starch/soil ratio for the degradation of explosive compounds without significant increase in acute toxicity was found to be 0.2 of starch/soil.

Keywords

Biodegradation;Carbon source;Indigenous microorganisms;RDX;TNT;

References

Achtnich, C., Sieglen, U., Knackmuss, H.-J., and Lenke, H., 2009, Irreversible binding of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18(11), 2416-2423.
Adrian, N.R., Arnett, C.M., and Hickey, R.F., 2003, Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen, Wat. Res., 37, 3499-3507.10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00240-9
Akhavan, J., 1998, The Chemistry of Explosives, The Royal Society of Chemistry Information Service, Letchworth, UK.
ATSDR, RDX Fact Sheet, 1996. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts78.html
Bruns-Nagel, D., Breitung, J., von Low, E., Steinbach, K., Gorontzy, T., Kahl, M., Blotevogel, K.-H., and Gemsa, D., 1996, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aerobic soil columns, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(7), 2651-2656.
Coleman, N.V., Nelson, D.R., and Trevor Duxbury, T., 1998, Aerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source by a Rhodococcus sp., strain DN22, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30(8-9), 1159-1167.10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00172-7
Daun, G., Lenke, H., Reuss, M., and Knackmuss, H.-J., 1998, Biological treatment of TNT-contaminated soil. 1. Anaerobic cometabolic reduction and interaction of TNT and metabolites with soil components, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1956-1963.10.1021/es970949u
Davis, L., Wani, A.H., O'Neal, B.R., and Hansen, L.D., 2004, RDX biodegradation column study: comparison of electron donors for biologically induced reductive transformation in groundwater, J. Hazard. Mater., B112, 45-54.
Esteve-Nunez, A., Caballero, A., and Ramos, J.L., 2001, Biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, Microbiol. and Mol. Biol. R., 65(3), 335-352.10.1128/MMBR.65.3.335-352.2001
Fuller, M.E., Lowey, J.M., Schaefer, C.E., and Steffan, R.J., 2005, A Peat Moss-based technology for mitigating residues of the explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX in soil, Soil Sediment Contam., 14(4), 373-385.10.1080/15320380590954097
Gee, G.W. and Bauder. J.W., 1986, Particle-size Analysis, p. 383-411. In A. Klute (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis: Part 1, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Hawari, J., Beaudet, S., Halasz, A., Thiboutot, S., and Ampleman, G., 2000, Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54, 605-618.10.1007/s002530000445
Korea Water Cooperation, 2002, Prediction of Water Quality of Hantan River and Remediation Technology Selection through Remedial Investigation of Darakdae Shooting Range.
McCormick, N.G., Feeherry, F.E., and Levinson, H.S., 1976, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 949-958.
McCormick, N.G., Cornell, J.H., and Kaplan, A.M., 1981, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 817-823.
Meyer, S.A., Marchand, A.J., Hight, J.L., Roberts, G.H., Escalon, L.B., Inouye, L.S., and MacMillan, D.K., 2005, Up-anddown procedure (UDP) determinations of acute oral toxicity of nitroso degradation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX), J. Appl. Toxicol., 25, 427-434.10.1002/jat.1090
Ministry of Defense, 2002, Remedial Investigation and Counter Measure for Contaminants Dispersion in the Military Shooting Range.
Park, S.H., Bae, B., Kim, M., and Jang, Y.Y., 2008, Distribution and behavior of mixed contaminants, explosives and heavy metals, at a small scale military shooting range, Kor. Soc. Water Environ., 24(5), 523-532.
Ringelberg, D.B., Reynolds, C.M., and Perry, L.B., Foley, K.L., 2005, Effect of Acetonitrile on RDX Biodegradation in an Unsaturated Surface Soil, ERDC/CRREL TR-05-5.
Rylott, E.L., Lorenz, A., and Bruce, N.C., 2011, Biodegradation and biotransformation of explosives, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 22, 434-440.10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.014
Thompson, K.T., Crocker, F.H., and Fredrickson, H.L, 2005, Mineralization of the cyclic nitramine explosive hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(12), 8265-8272.10.1128/AEM.71.12.8265-8272.2005
TTCP (The Technical Cooperation Program), 2008, Development of Environmental Tolerance Values for Defense Sites Contaminated with Energetic Materials, Annual Report for KTA 4- 32-04.
U.S. DoD, 2008, Treatment of RDX and/or HMX Using Mulch Biowalls, ESTCP (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program), Cost and Performance Report ER-0426.
U.S. EPA, 1994, Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories. Washington, D.C., Office of Water.
U.S. EPA, 1997, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), TNT.
U.S. EPA, 1998, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), RDX.
U.S. EPA, 2005, Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions, Interim Final, EPA 505-B-01-001.
U.S. EPA, 2007, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846.
U.S. EPA, 2009, 2009 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisory, Office of Water, EPA 822-R-09-011.
Zhang, B., Kendall, R.J., and Anderson, T.A., 2006, Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitron1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 64, 86-95.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.037
Zhao, J.-S., Halasz, A., Paquet, L., Beaulieu, C., and Hawari, J., 2002, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its mononitroso derivative hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5- dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) by Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain SCZ-1 isolated from an anaerobic sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 5336-5341.10.1128/AEM.68.11.5336-5341.2002
Zhao, J.-S., Paquet, L., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J., 2003, Metabolism of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine through initial reduction to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine followed by denitration in Clostridium bifermentans HAW-1, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 63, 187-193.10.1007/s00253-003-1364-x

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 19
No :3
Pages :56 ~ 65
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2014.19.3.056

[1] Achtnich, C., Sieglen, U., Knackmuss, H.-J., and Lenke, H., 2009, Irreversible binding of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18(11), 2416-2423.

[2] Adrian, N.R., Arnett, C.M., and Hickey, R.F., 2003, Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen, Wat. Res., 37, 3499-3507.10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00240-9

[3] Akhavan, J., 1998, The Chemistry of Explosives, The Royal Society of Chemistry Information Service, Letchworth, UK.

[4] ATSDR, RDX Fact Sheet, 1996. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts78.html

[5] Bruns-Nagel, D., Breitung, J., von Low, E., Steinbach, K., Gorontzy, T., Kahl, M., Blotevogel, K.-H., and Gemsa, D., 1996, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in aerobic soil columns, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(7), 2651-2656.

[6] Coleman, N.V., Nelson, D.R., and Trevor Duxbury, T., 1998, Aerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source by a Rhodococcus sp., strain DN22, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30(8-9), 1159-1167.10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00172-7

[7] Daun, G., Lenke, H., Reuss, M., and Knackmuss, H.-J., 1998, Biological treatment of TNT-contaminated soil. 1. Anaerobic cometabolic reduction and interaction of TNT and metabolites with soil components, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1956-1963.10.1021/es970949u

[8] Davis, L., Wani, A.H., O'Neal, B.R., and Hansen, L.D., 2004, RDX biodegradation column study: comparison of electron donors for biologically induced reductive transformation in groundwater, J. Hazard. Mater., B112, 45-54.

[9] Esteve-Nunez, A., Caballero, A., and Ramos, J.L., 2001, Biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, Microbiol. and Mol. Biol. R., 65(3), 335-352.10.1128/MMBR.65.3.335-352.2001

[10] Fuller, M.E., Lowey, J.M., Schaefer, C.E., and Steffan, R.J., 2005, A Peat Moss-based technology for mitigating residues of the explosives TNT, RDX, and HMX in soil, Soil Sediment Contam., 14(4), 373-385.10.1080/15320380590954097

[11] Gee, G.W. and Bauder. J.W., 1986, Particle-size Analysis, p. 383-411. In A. Klute (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis: Part 1, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.

[12] Hawari, J., Beaudet, S., Halasz, A., Thiboutot, S., and Ampleman, G., 2000, Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54, 605-618.10.1007/s002530000445

[13] Korea Water Cooperation, 2002, Prediction of Water Quality of Hantan River and Remediation Technology Selection through Remedial Investigation of Darakdae Shooting Range.

[14] McCormick, N.G., Feeherry, F.E., and Levinson, H.S., 1976, Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 949-958.

[15] McCormick, N.G., Cornell, J.H., and Kaplan, A.M., 1981, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 817-823.

[16] Meyer, S.A., Marchand, A.J., Hight, J.L., Roberts, G.H., Escalon, L.B., Inouye, L.S., and MacMillan, D.K., 2005, Up-anddown procedure (UDP) determinations of acute oral toxicity of nitroso degradation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX), J. Appl. Toxicol., 25, 427-434.10.1002/jat.1090

[17] Ministry of Defense, 2002, Remedial Investigation and Counter Measure for Contaminants Dispersion in the Military Shooting Range.

[18] Park, S.H., Bae, B., Kim, M., and Jang, Y.Y., 2008, Distribution and behavior of mixed contaminants, explosives and heavy metals, at a small scale military shooting range, Kor. Soc. Water Environ., 24(5), 523-532.

[19] Ringelberg, D.B., Reynolds, C.M., and Perry, L.B., Foley, K.L., 2005, Effect of Acetonitrile on RDX Biodegradation in an Unsaturated Surface Soil, ERDC/CRREL TR-05-5.

[20] Rylott, E.L., Lorenz, A., and Bruce, N.C., 2011, Biodegradation and biotransformation of explosives, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 22, 434-440.10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.014

[21] Thompson, K.T., Crocker, F.H., and Fredrickson, H.L, 2005, Mineralization of the cyclic nitramine explosive hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(12), 8265-8272.10.1128/AEM.71.12.8265-8272.2005

[22] TTCP (The Technical Cooperation Program), 2008, Development of Environmental Tolerance Values for Defense Sites Contaminated with Energetic Materials, Annual Report for KTA 4- 32-04.

[23] U.S. DoD, 2008, Treatment of RDX and/or HMX Using Mulch Biowalls, ESTCP (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program), Cost and Performance Report ER-0426.

[24] U.S. EPA, 1994, Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories. Washington, D.C., Office of Water.

[25] U.S. EPA, 1997, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), TNT.

[26] U.S. EPA, 1998, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), RDX.

[27] U.S. EPA, 2005, Handbook on the Management of Munitions Response Actions, Interim Final, EPA 505-B-01-001.

[28] U.S. EPA, 2007, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846.

[29] U.S. EPA, 2009, 2009 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisory, Office of Water, EPA 822-R-09-011.

[30] Zhang, B., Kendall, R.J., and Anderson, T.A., 2006, Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitron1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 64, 86-95.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.037

[31] Zhao, J.-S., Halasz, A., Paquet, L., Beaulieu, C., and Hawari, J., 2002, Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its mononitroso derivative hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5- dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) by Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain SCZ-1 isolated from an anaerobic sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 5336-5341.10.1128/AEM.68.11.5336-5341.2002

[32] Zhao, J.-S., Paquet, L., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J., 2003, Metabolism of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine through initial reduction to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine followed by denitration in Clostridium bifermentans HAW-1, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 63, 187-193.10.1007/s00253-003-1364-x

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment ISSN:1598-6438(Print) 2287-8831(Online) 지하수토양환경

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