The Toxicity Assessment of Explosives Contaminated Soil using Soil Microbial Activity Tests

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.037

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2015 Vol.20, Issue 6 Preview Page Next Page

The Toxicity Assessment of Explosives Contaminated Soil using Soil Microbial Activity Tests 토양효소활성 측정법을 이용한 화약류 오염토양 독성평가: 김문경;정재웅;남경필;
Kim, Moonkyung;Jung, Jae-Woong;Nam, Kyoungphile;

30 November 2015. pp. 37 ~ 45

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Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the toxic effect of TNT and RDX on indigenous soil microbes by measuring enzymatic activity. Denitrification activity, dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity were determined for military firing range, field, and paddy soils exposed to TNT, and RDX from 0 to 1,000 mg/kg and 0 to 4,000 mg/kg, respectively, for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Soil microbial enzymatic activities decreased with higher TNT and RDX concentration and longer exposure time. Microbial enzymatic activities of firing range soil were higher than field and paddy soils, indicating that indigenous microbes in firing range might have been adapted to TNT and RDX due to pre-exposure of the explosives. In addition, the toxicity of TNT and RDX decreased with higher organic matter because TNT and RDX tend to absorb to soil organic matter. No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) values of each microbial enzymatic activity were derived by the geometric mean of NOECs from exposure times (2, 4, and 8 weeks) and soil types (firing range, field, paddy soil). The derived NOECs ranged from 45.3 to 55.2 mg/kg for TNT and 286 to 309 mg/kg for RDX.

Keywords

Soil microbial activity;TNT;RDX;Toxicity;NOEC;

References

ASTM, 1997, Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests with the Lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida. Method E1676-97; West Conshohocken, PA.
ATSDR, 1995, Toxicological profile for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, US department of health and human services, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2012, Toxicological profile for RDX, US department of health and human services, Atlanta, Georgia.
Frische, M.E., 2002, Screening for soil toxicity and mutagenicity using luminescent bacteria-a case study of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 51, 133-144.10.1006/eesa.2001.2124
Gong, P, Siciliano, S.D., Greer, C.W., Paquet, L., Hawari, J., and Sunahara, G.I., 1999, Effects and bioavailability of 2, 4, 6trinitrotoluene in spiked and fieldcontaminated soils to indigenous microorganisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18(12), 2681-2688.10.1002/etc.5620181205
Gong, P., Hawari, J., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., and Sunahara, G.I., 2002, Toxicity of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) to soil microbes, Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 69, 97-10310.1007/s00128-002-0014-9
ISO, 2012, Soil Quality-Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida fetida, E. fetida Andrei), ISO DIS 11268, Geneva, Switzerland.
KMOE, 2009, Research on military environment management and its development.
Li, A.Z., Marx, K.A., Walter, J., and Kaplan, D.L., 1997, Trinitro-toluene and metabolites binding to humic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol, 31, 584-589.10.1021/es960486c
Mark, E. and John, Manning, Jr. F., 1998, Evidence for differential effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other munitions compounds on specific subpopulations of soil microbial communities, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17(11), 2185-2195.10.1002/etc.5620171108
OECD, 1993, Earthworm, acute toxicity tests. In Guideline of the OECD for Testing Chemical Products, Paris, France.
Schnurer, J. and Rosswall, T., 1982, Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 43(6), 1256-1261.
Siciliano, R. Steven D. Roy, C.W. Greer., 2000, Reduction in denitrification activity in field soils exposed to long term contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 32, 61-68.10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00699.x
Skujins, J., 1973, Dehydrogenase: an indicator of biological activities in arid soils, Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm., NFR, 17, 235-241.
Sunahara, G.I., Dodard, S., Sarrazin, M., Paquet, L., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., Hawari, J., and Renoux, A.Y., 1998, Development of a soil extraction procedure for ecotoxicity characterization of energetic compounds, Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 39, 185-194.10.1006/eesa.1997.1624
Swartjes, F.A., Rutgers, M., Lijzen, J.P.A., Janssen, P.J.C.M., Otte, P.F., Wintersen, A., Brand, E., and Posthuma, L., 2012, State of the art of contaminated site management in The Netherlands: Policy framework and risk assessment tools, Sci. Total Environ., 427-428, 1-10.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.078
Tan, E.L., Ho, C.H., Griest, W.H., and Tyndall, R.L., 1992, Mutagenicity of trinitrotoluene and its metabolites formed during composting, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 36:3, 165-175.10.1080/15287399209531632
Van Straalen, N.M., 2002, Theory of ecological risk assessment based on species sensitivity distributions. In: Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology, Posthuma, L., Suter G. W. & Traas, T. P., Lewis Publishers, CRC Press.
Weaver, R.W., Angle, J.S., and Bottonley, P.S., 1965, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, SSSA Book Series Series 5, Eds. A.L. Page and R.H. Miller., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 20
No :6
Pages :37 ~ 45
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.037

[1] ASTM, 1997, Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests with the Lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida. Method E1676-97; West Conshohocken, PA.

[2] ATSDR, 1995, Toxicological profile for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, US department of health and human services, Atlanta, Georgia.

[3] ATSDR, 2012, Toxicological profile for RDX, US department of health and human services, Atlanta, Georgia.

[4] Frische, M.E., 2002, Screening for soil toxicity and mutagenicity using luminescent bacteria-a case study of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 51, 133-144.10.1006/eesa.2001.2124

[5] Gong, P, Siciliano, S.D., Greer, C.W., Paquet, L., Hawari, J., and Sunahara, G.I., 1999, Effects and bioavailability of 2, 4, 6trinitrotoluene in spiked and fieldcontaminated soils to indigenous microorganisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18(12), 2681-2688.10.1002/etc.5620181205

[6] Gong, P., Hawari, J., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., and Sunahara, G.I., 2002, Toxicity of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) to soil microbes, Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 69, 97-10310.1007/s00128-002-0014-9

[7] ISO, 2012, Soil Quality-Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida fetida, E. fetida Andrei), ISO DIS 11268, Geneva, Switzerland.

[8] KMOE, 2009, Research on military environment management and its development.

[9] Li, A.Z., Marx, K.A., Walter, J., and Kaplan, D.L., 1997, Trinitro-toluene and metabolites binding to humic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol, 31, 584-589.10.1021/es960486c

[10] Mark, E. and John, Manning, Jr. F., 1998, Evidence for differential effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and other munitions compounds on specific subpopulations of soil microbial communities, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17(11), 2185-2195.10.1002/etc.5620171108

[11] OECD, 1993, Earthworm, acute toxicity tests. In Guideline of the OECD for Testing Chemical Products, Paris, France.

[12] Schnurer, J. and Rosswall, T., 1982, Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 43(6), 1256-1261.

[13] Siciliano, R. Steven D. Roy, C.W. Greer., 2000, Reduction in denitrification activity in field soils exposed to long term contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 32, 61-68.10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00699.x

[14] Skujins, J., 1973, Dehydrogenase: an indicator of biological activities in arid soils, Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm., NFR, 17, 235-241.

[15] Sunahara, G.I., Dodard, S., Sarrazin, M., Paquet, L., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., Hawari, J., and Renoux, A.Y., 1998, Development of a soil extraction procedure for ecotoxicity characterization of energetic compounds, Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 39, 185-194.10.1006/eesa.1997.1624

[16] Swartjes, F.A., Rutgers, M., Lijzen, J.P.A., Janssen, P.J.C.M., Otte, P.F., Wintersen, A., Brand, E., and Posthuma, L., 2012, State of the art of contaminated site management in The Netherlands: Policy framework and risk assessment tools, Sci. Total Environ., 427-428, 1-10.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.078

[17] Tan, E.L., Ho, C.H., Griest, W.H., and Tyndall, R.L., 1992, Mutagenicity of trinitrotoluene and its metabolites formed during composting, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 36:3, 165-175.10.1080/15287399209531632

[18] Van Straalen, N.M., 2002, Theory of ecological risk assessment based on species sensitivity distributions. In: Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology, Posthuma, L., Suter G. W. & Traas, T. P., Lewis Publishers, CRC Press.

[19] Weaver, R.W., Angle, J.S., and Bottonley, P.S., 1965, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, SSSA Book Series Series 5, Eds. A.L. Page and R.H. Miller., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment ISSN:1598-6438(Print) 2287-8831(Online) 지하수토양환경

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