Reduction of RDX in Ground Water by Bio-Regenerated Iron Mineral: Results of Field Verification Test at a Miliary Shooting Range

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.062

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2015 Vol.20, Issue 6 Preview Page Next Page

Reduction of RDX in Ground Water by Bio-Regenerated Iron Mineral: Results of Field Verification Test at a Miliary Shooting Range 생물환원 철광물촉매에 의한 지하수 내 RDX 환원:군사격장 현장적용 실증결과: 공효영;이광표;이종열;경대승;이우진;배범한;
Gong, Hyo-young;Lee, Kwang-pyo;Lee, Jong-yeol;Kyung, Daeseung;Lee, Woojin;Bae, Bumhan;

30 November 2015. pp. 62 ~ 72

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Abstract

This study investigates the in-situ implementation of bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst to remove explosive compounds in ground water at a military shooting range in operation. A bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst was synthesized using lepidocrocite (iron-bearing soil mineral), iron-reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and electron mediator (riboflavin) in the culture medium. This catalyst was then injected periodically in the ground to build a redox active zone acting like permeable reactive barrier through injection wells constructed at a live fire military shooting range. Ground water and core soils were sampled periodically for analysis of explosive compounds, mainly RDX and its metabolites, along with toxicity analysis and REDOX potential measurement. Results suggested that a redox active zone was formed in the subsurface in which contaminated ground water flows through. Concentration of RDX as well as toxicity (% inhibition) of ground water decreased in the downstream compared to those in the upstream while concentration of RDX reduction products increased in the downstream.

Keywords

Electron transfer mediator;Iron reducing bacteria;Lepidocrocite;RDX;TNX;

References

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Ahmad, I., Fasihullah, Q., Noor, A., Ansari, I.A., and Ali, Q.N.M., 2004, Photolysis of riboflavin in aqueous solution: a kinetic study, Int. J. Pharm., 280, 199-208.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.05.020
Bae, S. and Lee, W., 2012, Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by biogenic vivianite and Fe(II), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 85, 170-186.10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.023
Bae, S. and Lee, W., 2013, Biotransformation of lepidocrocite in the presence of quinonesand flavins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 114, 144-155.10.1016/j.gca.2013.03.041
Bae, S., Lee, Y., Kwon, M., and Lee, W., 2014, Riboflavinmediated RDX transformation in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and lepidocrocite, J. Hazard. Mater., 274, 24-31.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.002
Bhushan, B., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J., 2006, Effect of iron(III), humic acids and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on bio-degradation of cyclic nitramines by Clostridium sp. EDB2, J. Appl. Microbiol., 100, 555-563.10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02819.x
Boopathy, R., Gurgas, M., Ullian, J., and Manning, J.F., 1998, Metabolism of explosive compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria, Curr. Microbiol., 37, 127-131.10.1007/s002849900350
Borch, T., Inskeep, W.P., Harwood, J.A., and Gerlach, R., 2005, Impact of ferrihydrite and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on the reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by a gram positive fermenting bacterium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7126-7133.10.1021/es0504441
Cho, C., Bae, S., and Lee, W., 2012, Enhanced degradation of TNT and RDX by bio-reducediron bearing soil minerals, Adv. Environ. Res., 1, 1-14.10.12989/aer.2012.1.1.001
Cui, H., Hwang, H.M., Cook, S., and Zeng, K., 2001, Effect of photosensitizer riboflavin on the fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a freshwater environment, Chemosphere, 44, 621-625.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00333-7
Etnier, E.L., 1989, Water quality criteria for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX), Requl. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 9(2), 147-157.10.1016/0273-2300(89)90032-9
Gregory, K.B., Larese-Casanova, P., Parkin, G.F., and Scherer, M.M., 2004, Abiotic transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Fe(II) bound to magnetite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1408-1414.10.1021/es034588w
Haas, R., Schreiber, I., Low, E.V., and Stork, G., 1990, Conception for the investigation of contaminated munition plants, J. Anal. Chem., 338, 41-45.10.1007/BF00322782
Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2006, Microbially mediated biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5 trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by extracellular electron shuttling compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5933-5941.10.1128/AEM.00660-06
Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2008, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) biodegradation kinetics amongst several Fe(III)-reducing genera, Soil Sediment. Contam., 17, 189-203.10.1080/15320380701873132
Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2008, Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens, Biodegradation, 19, 705-715.10.1007/s10532-008-9175-5
Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2009, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) reduc-tion is concurrently mediated by direct electron transfer from hydroquinones and resulting biogenic Fe(II) formed during electron shuttle-amended biodegradation, Environ. Eng. Sci., 26, 961-971.10.1089/ees.2008.0251
Larese-Casanova, P. and Scherer, M.M., 2008, Abiotic transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by green rusts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3975-3981.10.1021/es702390b
Naja, G., Halasz, A., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., and Hawari, J., 2008, Degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) using zerovalent iron nanoparticles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4364-4370.10.1021/es7028153
Spalding, R.F. and Fulton, J.W., 1988, Groundwater munition residues and nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, USA, J. Contam. Hydrol., 2, 139-153.10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6
USEPA, 2007, SW-846 Method 8330A, Nitroaromatics and Nitramines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Revision 1.
USEPA, 2012, Technical Fact Sheet n Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); 505-F-11-010, Office of Soil Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
Wanaratna, P., Christodoulatos, C., and Sidhoum, M., 2006, Kinetics of RDX degradation by zero-valent iron (ZVI), J. Hazard. Mater., 136, 68-74.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.015
Yinon, J., 1990, Toxicity and Metabolism of Explosives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Zhang, B., Kendall, R.J., and Anderson, T.A., 2006, Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 64(1), 86-95.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.037
Zhao, J.S., Manno, D., and Hawari, J., 2008, Regulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX) metabolism in Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 by terminal electron acceptor and involvement of c-type cytochrome, Microbiology, 154, 1026-1037.10.1099/mic.0.2007/013409-0

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 20
No :6
Pages :62 ~ 72
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.062

[1] Adrian, N.R. and Arnett, C.M., 2004, Anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-trazine (RDX) by Acetobacterium malicum strain HAAP-1 isolated from a methanogenic mixed culture, Curr. Microbiol., 48, 332-340.10.1007/s00284-003-4156-8

[2] Ahmad, I., Fasihullah, Q., Noor, A., Ansari, I.A., and Ali, Q.N.M., 2004, Photolysis of riboflavin in aqueous solution: a kinetic study, Int. J. Pharm., 280, 199-208.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.05.020

[3] Bae, S. and Lee, W., 2012, Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by biogenic vivianite and Fe(II), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 85, 170-186.10.1016/j.gca.2012.02.023

[4] Bae, S. and Lee, W., 2013, Biotransformation of lepidocrocite in the presence of quinonesand flavins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 114, 144-155.10.1016/j.gca.2013.03.041

[5] Bae, S., Lee, Y., Kwon, M., and Lee, W., 2014, Riboflavinmediated RDX transformation in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and lepidocrocite, J. Hazard. Mater., 274, 24-31.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.002

[6] Bhushan, B., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J., 2006, Effect of iron(III), humic acids and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on bio-degradation of cyclic nitramines by Clostridium sp. EDB2, J. Appl. Microbiol., 100, 555-563.10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02819.x

[7] Boopathy, R., Gurgas, M., Ullian, J., and Manning, J.F., 1998, Metabolism of explosive compounds by sulfate-reducing bacteria, Curr. Microbiol., 37, 127-131.10.1007/s002849900350

[8] Borch, T., Inskeep, W.P., Harwood, J.A., and Gerlach, R., 2005, Impact of ferrihydrite and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate on the reductive transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by a gram positive fermenting bacterium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7126-7133.10.1021/es0504441

[9] Cho, C., Bae, S., and Lee, W., 2012, Enhanced degradation of TNT and RDX by bio-reducediron bearing soil minerals, Adv. Environ. Res., 1, 1-14.10.12989/aer.2012.1.1.001

[10] Cui, H., Hwang, H.M., Cook, S., and Zeng, K., 2001, Effect of photosensitizer riboflavin on the fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a freshwater environment, Chemosphere, 44, 621-625.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00333-7

[11] Etnier, E.L., 1989, Water quality criteria for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX), Requl. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 9(2), 147-157.10.1016/0273-2300(89)90032-9

[12] Gregory, K.B., Larese-Casanova, P., Parkin, G.F., and Scherer, M.M., 2004, Abiotic transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by Fe(II) bound to magnetite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1408-1414.10.1021/es034588w

[13] Haas, R., Schreiber, I., Low, E.V., and Stork, G., 1990, Conception for the investigation of contaminated munition plants, J. Anal. Chem., 338, 41-45.10.1007/BF00322782

[14] Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2006, Microbially mediated biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5 trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by extracellular electron shuttling compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5933-5941.10.1128/AEM.00660-06

[15] Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2008, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) biodegradation kinetics amongst several Fe(III)-reducing genera, Soil Sediment. Contam., 17, 189-203.10.1080/15320380701873132

[16] Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2008, Biotransformation products and mineralization potential for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in abiotic versus biological degradation pathways with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Geobacter metallireducens, Biodegradation, 19, 705-715.10.1007/s10532-008-9175-5

[17] Kwon, M.J. and Finneran, K.T., 2009, Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) reduc-tion is concurrently mediated by direct electron transfer from hydroquinones and resulting biogenic Fe(II) formed during electron shuttle-amended biodegradation, Environ. Eng. Sci., 26, 961-971.10.1089/ees.2008.0251

[18] Larese-Casanova, P. and Scherer, M.M., 2008, Abiotic transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by green rusts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3975-3981.10.1021/es702390b

[19] Naja, G., Halasz, A., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., and Hawari, J., 2008, Degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) using zerovalent iron nanoparticles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4364-4370.10.1021/es7028153

[20] Spalding, R.F. and Fulton, J.W., 1988, Groundwater munition residues and nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, USA, J. Contam. Hydrol., 2, 139-153.10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6

[21] USEPA, 2007, SW-846 Method 8330A, Nitroaromatics and Nitramines by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Revision 1.

[22] USEPA, 2012, Technical Fact Sheet n Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); 505-F-11-010, Office of Soil Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.

[23] Wanaratna, P., Christodoulatos, C., and Sidhoum, M., 2006, Kinetics of RDX degradation by zero-valent iron (ZVI), J. Hazard. Mater., 136, 68-74.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.015

[24] Yinon, J., 1990, Toxicity and Metabolism of Explosives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

[25] Zhang, B., Kendall, R.J., and Anderson, T.A., 2006, Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida, Chemosphere, 64(1), 86-95.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.037

[26] Zhao, J.S., Manno, D., and Hawari, J., 2008, Regulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX) metabolism in Shewanella halifaxensis HAW-EB4 by terminal electron acceptor and involvement of c-type cytochrome, Microbiology, 154, 1026-1037.10.1099/mic.0.2007/013409-0

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