Selection of Tolerant Plant Species using Pot Culture for Remediation of Explosive Compounds Contaminated Soil

doi:10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.073

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2015 Vol.20, Issue 6 Preview Page Next Page

Selection of Tolerant Plant Species using Pot Culture for Remediation of Explosive Compounds Contaminated Soil 포트 재배에 의한 화약물질 오염토양 정화용 내오염성 식물 선정: 이아름;배범한;
Lee, Ahreum;Bae, Bumhan;

30 November 2015. pp. 73 ~ 84

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Abstract

Nine plant species were selected through vegetation survey at three military shooting ranges at northern Gyeonggi Province. Plants were germinated in normal soil and three seedlings were transplanted to a bottom sealed pot containing sandy loam soils contaminated with either RDX (291 mg/kg) or TNT (207 mg/kg). Planted, blank (without plant), and control (without explosive compound) pots were grown in triplicate at a green house for 134 days. During cultivation, transplanted plants exhibited chlorosis and necrosis in flower and leaf by explosive toxicity and stress. Only three plants, Wild soybean, Amur silver grass, Reed canary grass, survived in TNT treated pot, while seven plant species except for field penny cress and jimson weed, thrived in RDX treated pot. Appreciable amount of TNT (61.6~241.2 mg/g-D.W.) was detected only in plant roots. Up to 763.3 mg/g-D.W. along with 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, an intermediate of TNT, accumulated in the root of wild soybean. In addition, azoxy compounds, abiotic intermediates of TNT, were detected in TNT treated soils. RDX absorbed average 1,839.95 mg/kg in shoot and 204.83 mg/kg in root. Most of TNT in plant was accumulated in underground part whereas RDX was localized in aerial part. Material balance calculation showed that more than 95% of the initial TNT was removed in the planted pots whereas only 60% was removed in the blank pot. The amount of RDX removed from soil was in the order of Amur Silver Grass (51%) > Chickweed (43%) > Evening primrose (38%). Based on the results of pot cultures, Amur silver grass and Reed canary grass are selected as tolerant remedial plants for explosive toxicity.

Keywords

Pot culture;Phytoremediation;RDX;TNT;Toxicity;

References

Bae, B., Kim, S.Y., Lee, I.S., and Chang, Y.Y., 2002, Kinetics of uptake and phytotransformation of 24,6-trinitrotoluene by indigenous grasses in hydroponic cultures, Kor. Chem. Eng. Res., 24, 675-687.
Bhadra, R., Wayment, D.G., Williams, R.K., Barman, S.N., Stone, M.B., Hughes, J.B., and Shanks, J.V., 2001, Studies on plant-mediated fate of the explosives RDX and HMX, Chemosphere, 44, 1259-1264.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00272-1
Burken, J.G., 2003, Uptake and metabolism of organic compounds: green-liver model, John Wiley and Sons, 59-84.
Cataldo, D.A., Harvey, S., Fellows, R.J., Bean, R.M., and McVeety B.D., 1989, An Evaluation of the Environmental Fate and Behavior of Munitions Materiel (TNT, RDX) in Soil and Plant Systems: The Fate and Behavior of TNT, USDOD Project Order No. 88PP8853, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL-7370.
Chang, Y.Y., Y.S. Kwon, S.Y. Kim, I.S. Lee, and Bae, B., 2004, Enhanced degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a soil column planted with Indian mallow (Abutilon avicennae). J. Biosci. Bioeng., 97, 99-103.10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70175-9
Chen, D., Liu, Z.L., and Banwart, W., 2011, Concentrationdependent RDX uptake and remediation by crop plants, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 18, 908-917.10.1007/s11356-011-0449-9
Comfort, S.D., Shea, P.J., Hundal, S., Li, Z., Woodbury, B.L., Martin, J.L., and Powers, W.L., 1995, TNT transport and fate in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Qual., 24(6), 1174-1182.
Fellows, R.J., Driver, C.R., Cataldo, D.A., and Harvey, S.D., 2006, Bioavailability of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25(7), 1881-1886.10.1897/05-446R1.1
Gong, H.Y., Lee, K.P., Lee, J.Y., Kim, B., Lee, A., Bae, B., and Kim, J.Y., 2012, Assessment of soil loss at military shooting range by RUSLE model: Correlation between soil loss and migration of explosive compounds, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 17(6), 119-128.10.7857/JSGE.2012.17.6.119
Harvey, S.D., Fellows, R.J., Cataldo, D.A., and Bean, R.M., 1991, Fate of the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in soil and bioaccumulation in bush bean hydroponic plants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10, 845-855.10.1002/etc.5620100701
Hughes, J., Shanks, J., Vanderford, M., Lauritzen, J., and Bhadra, R., 1997, Transformation of tnt by aquatic plants and plant tissue cultures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 266-271.10.1021/es960409h
Just, C.L. and Schnoor, J.L., 2004, Phytophotolysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in leaves of reed canary grass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 290-295.10.1021/es034744z
Karami, A. and Shamsuddin, Z.H., 2010, Phytoremediation of heavy metals with several efficiency enhancer methods, Afr. J. Biotech., 9(25), 3689-3698.
Major, M.A., Reddy, G., Berge, M.A., Patzer, S.S., Li, A.C., and Gohdes, M., 2007, Metabolite profiling of ¹⁴C hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in Yucatan miniature pigs, J. Toxicol, Environ, Health, A., 70(14), 191-202.10.1080/15287390600883000
Medina, V.F., Larson, S.L., Agwaramgbo, L., Perez, W., and Escalon, L., 2004, Treatment of trinitrotoluene by crude plant extracts, Chemosphere, 55, 725-732.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.014
Palazzo, A.J. and Leggett, D., 1986, Effect and disposition of TNT in a terrestrial plant, J. Environ. Qual., 15, 49-52.
Sarrazin, M., Dodard, S.G., Savard, K., Lachance, B., Robidoux, P.Y., Kuperman, R.G., Hawari, J., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., and Sunahara, G.I., 2009, Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28(10), 2125-2133.10.1897/08-613.1
Schneider, K., Oltmanns, J., Radenberg, T., Schneider, T., and Pauly-Mundegar, D., 1996, Uptake of nitroaromatic compounds in plants: Implication for risk assessment of ammunition site, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 3(3), 135-138.10.1007/BF02985519
Schnoor, J.L., Aken, B.V., Brentner, L.B., Tanaka, S., Flokstra, B., and Yoon, J.M., 2006, Identification of Metabolic Routes and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Phytoremediation of the Nitro-Substituted Explosives TNT, RDX and HMX; Final Technical Report, SERDP CU1317, Civil and Envrionmental Engineering The University of Iowa, Iowa city, U.S.A.
Sens, C., Scheidemann, P., Klunk, A., and Werner, D., 1998, Distribution of 14C-TNT and Derivatives in Different Biochemical Compartments of Phaseolus vulgaris, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 5(4), 202-208.10.1007/BF02986402
Sens, C., Scheidemann, P. and Werner, D., 1999, The distribution of ¹⁴C-TNT in different biochemical compartments of the monocotyledonous Triticum aestivum, Envrion. Pollut., 104, 113-119.10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00142-0
Subramanian, M. and Shanks, J.V., 2003, Role of plants in the transformation of explosive. In: Phytoremediation: Transformation and control of contaminants. (McCutcheon, S.C. and Schnoor, J.L. eds.), New Jersey: Wiley-Intersciencee Inc., 389-408.
Thompson, P.L., Ramer, L.A., and Schnoor, J.L., 1998, Uptake and transformation of TNT by hybrid poplar trees, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(7), 975-980.10.1021/es970799n
Tu, C. and Ma, L.Q., 2002, Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 641-647.10.2134/jeq2002.0641
USEPA, 2000, Drinking water standards and health advisories, EPA 822-B-00-001, USA.
USEPA, 2006, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846 method 8330B.
van Aken, B., Yoon, J.M., Just, C.L., and Schnoor, J.L., 2004, Metabolism and mineralization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine inside poplar tissues (Populus deltoides nigra DN-34), Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4572-4579.10.1021/es049837a
Vila, M., Lorber-Pascal, M., and Laurent, F., 2007a, Fate of RDX and TNT in agronomic plants, Envrion. Pollut., 148, 148-154.10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.030
Vila, M., Mehier S., Lorber-Pascal, S., and Laurent F., 2007b, Phytotoxicity to and uptake of RDX by rice, Envrion. Pollut., 145, 813-817.10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.009
Weyer, K.U. and Geol, P., 1995, Vertical ranking of toxicity tests with luminescent bacteria, International Association of Hydrogeologists Congress, June 4-10.
Yoon, J.M., Oliver, D.J., and Shanks, J.V., 2005, Plant Transformation Pathways of Energetic Materials (RDX, TNT, DNTs), NABC Report 17, 103-115.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Publisher(Ko) :한국지하수토양환경학회
Journal Title :Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
Journal Title(Ko) :지하수토양환경
Volume : 20
No :6
Pages :73 ~ 84
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2015.20.6.073

[1] Bae, B., Kim, S.Y., Lee, I.S., and Chang, Y.Y., 2002, Kinetics of uptake and phytotransformation of 24,6-trinitrotoluene by indigenous grasses in hydroponic cultures, Kor. Chem. Eng. Res., 24, 675-687.

[2] Bhadra, R., Wayment, D.G., Williams, R.K., Barman, S.N., Stone, M.B., Hughes, J.B., and Shanks, J.V., 2001, Studies on plant-mediated fate of the explosives RDX and HMX, Chemosphere, 44, 1259-1264.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00272-1

[3] Burken, J.G., 2003, Uptake and metabolism of organic compounds: green-liver model, John Wiley and Sons, 59-84.

[4] Cataldo, D.A., Harvey, S., Fellows, R.J., Bean, R.M., and McVeety B.D., 1989, An Evaluation of the Environmental Fate and Behavior of Munitions Materiel (TNT, RDX) in Soil and Plant Systems: The Fate and Behavior of TNT, USDOD Project Order No. 88PP8853, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL-7370.

[5] Chang, Y.Y., Y.S. Kwon, S.Y. Kim, I.S. Lee, and Bae, B., 2004, Enhanced degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a soil column planted with Indian mallow (Abutilon avicennae). J. Biosci. Bioeng., 97, 99-103.10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70175-9

[6] Chen, D., Liu, Z.L., and Banwart, W., 2011, Concentrationdependent RDX uptake and remediation by crop plants, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 18, 908-917.10.1007/s11356-011-0449-9

[7] Comfort, S.D., Shea, P.J., Hundal, S., Li, Z., Woodbury, B.L., Martin, J.L., and Powers, W.L., 1995, TNT transport and fate in contaminated soil, J. Environ. Qual., 24(6), 1174-1182.

[8] Fellows, R.J., Driver, C.R., Cataldo, D.A., and Harvey, S.D., 2006, Bioavailability of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25(7), 1881-1886.10.1897/05-446R1.1

[9] Gong, H.Y., Lee, K.P., Lee, J.Y., Kim, B., Lee, A., Bae, B., and Kim, J.Y., 2012, Assessment of soil loss at military shooting range by RUSLE model: Correlation between soil loss and migration of explosive compounds, J. Soil Groundw. Environ., 17(6), 119-128.10.7857/JSGE.2012.17.6.119

[10] Harvey, S.D., Fellows, R.J., Cataldo, D.A., and Bean, R.M., 1991, Fate of the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in soil and bioaccumulation in bush bean hydroponic plants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10, 845-855.10.1002/etc.5620100701

[11] Hughes, J., Shanks, J., Vanderford, M., Lauritzen, J., and Bhadra, R., 1997, Transformation of tnt by aquatic plants and plant tissue cultures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 266-271.10.1021/es960409h

[12] Just, C.L. and Schnoor, J.L., 2004, Phytophotolysis of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in leaves of reed canary grass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 290-295.10.1021/es034744z

[13] Karami, A. and Shamsuddin, Z.H., 2010, Phytoremediation of heavy metals with several efficiency enhancer methods, Afr. J. Biotech., 9(25), 3689-3698.

[14] Major, M.A., Reddy, G., Berge, M.A., Patzer, S.S., Li, A.C., and Gohdes, M., 2007, Metabolite profiling of ¹⁴C hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in Yucatan miniature pigs, J. Toxicol, Environ, Health, A., 70(14), 191-202.10.1080/15287390600883000

[15] Medina, V.F., Larson, S.L., Agwaramgbo, L., Perez, W., and Escalon, L., 2004, Treatment of trinitrotoluene by crude plant extracts, Chemosphere, 55, 725-732.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.014

[16] Palazzo, A.J. and Leggett, D., 1986, Effect and disposition of TNT in a terrestrial plant, J. Environ. Qual., 15, 49-52.

[17] Sarrazin, M., Dodard, S.G., Savard, K., Lachance, B., Robidoux, P.Y., Kuperman, R.G., Hawari, J., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., and Sunahara, G.I., 2009, Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28(10), 2125-2133.10.1897/08-613.1

[18] Schneider, K., Oltmanns, J., Radenberg, T., Schneider, T., and Pauly-Mundegar, D., 1996, Uptake of nitroaromatic compounds in plants: Implication for risk assessment of ammunition site, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 3(3), 135-138.10.1007/BF02985519

[19] Schnoor, J.L., Aken, B.V., Brentner, L.B., Tanaka, S., Flokstra, B., and Yoon, J.M., 2006, Identification of Metabolic Routes and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Phytoremediation of the Nitro-Substituted Explosives TNT, RDX and HMX; Final Technical Report, SERDP CU1317, Civil and Envrionmental Engineering The University of Iowa, Iowa city, U.S.A.

[20] Sens, C., Scheidemann, P., Klunk, A., and Werner, D., 1998, Distribution of 14C-TNT and Derivatives in Different Biochemical Compartments of Phaseolus vulgaris, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 5(4), 202-208.10.1007/BF02986402

[21] Sens, C., Scheidemann, P. and Werner, D., 1999, The distribution of ¹⁴C-TNT in different biochemical compartments of the monocotyledonous Triticum aestivum, Envrion. Pollut., 104, 113-119.10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00142-0

[22] Subramanian, M. and Shanks, J.V., 2003, Role of plants in the transformation of explosive. In: Phytoremediation: Transformation and control of contaminants. (McCutcheon, S.C. and Schnoor, J.L. eds.), New Jersey: Wiley-Intersciencee Inc., 389-408.

[23] Thompson, P.L., Ramer, L.A., and Schnoor, J.L., 1998, Uptake and transformation of TNT by hybrid poplar trees, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(7), 975-980.10.1021/es970799n

[24] Tu, C. and Ma, L.Q., 2002, Effects of arsenic concentrations and forms on arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator ladder brake, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 641-647.10.2134/jeq2002.0641

[25] USEPA, 2000, Drinking water standards and health advisories, EPA 822-B-00-001, USA.

[26] USEPA, 2006, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846 method 8330B.

[27] van Aken, B., Yoon, J.M., Just, C.L., and Schnoor, J.L., 2004, Metabolism and mineralization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine inside poplar tissues (Populus deltoides nigra DN-34), Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4572-4579.10.1021/es049837a

[28] Vila, M., Lorber-Pascal, M., and Laurent, F., 2007a, Fate of RDX and TNT in agronomic plants, Envrion. Pollut., 148, 148-154.10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.030

[29] Vila, M., Mehier S., Lorber-Pascal, S., and Laurent F., 2007b, Phytotoxicity to and uptake of RDX by rice, Envrion. Pollut., 145, 813-817.10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.009

[30] Weyer, K.U. and Geol, P., 1995, Vertical ranking of toxicity tests with luminescent bacteria, International Association of Hydrogeologists Congress, June 4-10.

[31] Yoon, J.M., Oliver, D.J., and Shanks, J.V., 2005, Plant Transformation Pathways of Energetic Materials (RDX, TNT, DNTs), NABC Report 17, 103-115.

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment ISSN:1598-6438(Print) 2287-8831(Online) 지하수토양환경

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